Bibliography of Data Sources for A Global Database of Litterfall and Litter Pool Carbon and Nutrients E.A. Holland, W.M. Post, E.G. Matthews, J. Sulzman, R. Staufer, and O. Krankina. May 6, 2005; updated March 23, 2015 Adis, J., K. Furch, et al. (1979). Litter production of Central-Amazonian blackwater inundation forest. Tropical Ecology 20: 236-245. Aerts (1989). Aboveground biomass and nutrient dynamics of Calluna vulgaris and Molinia caerulea in a dry heathland. Oikos 56: 31-38. Aerts, R. (1990). Nutrient use efficiency in evergreen and deciduous species from heathlands. Oecologia 84: 391-397. Aksornkoae, S. and C. Khemnark (1980). Nutrient cycling in mangrove forest of Thailand. Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environment and Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Alban, D. H., Perala, D.A., Schlaegel, B.E. (1978). Biomass and nutrient distribution in aspen, pine, and spruce stands on the same soil type in Minnesota. Can. J. For. Res. 8: 290-299. Alvarez-Sanchez, J., Guevara, S.S. (1993). Litterfall dynamics in a Mexican lowland tropical rain forest. Tropical Ecology 34: 127-142. Alway, F. J. and J. Kittredge (1933). The forest floor under stands of aspen and paper birch. Soil Science 35: 307-312. Alway, F. J. and R. Zon (1930). Quantity and nutrient content of pine leaf litter. Journal of Forestry 28: 715-727. Alway, F. J., J. Kittredge, et al. (1933). Composition of the forest floor layers under different forest types on the same soil type. Soil Science 36: 387-398. Alway, F. J., W. J. Methley, et al. (1933). Distribution of volatile matter, lime, and nitrogen among litter, duff, and leaf mold under different forest types. Soil Science 36: 399-407. Anderson, F. (1970). Ecological studies in a Scanian woodland and meadow area, southern Sweden. II. Plant biomass, primary production and turnover of organic matter. Botaniska Notiser 123: 8-51. Anderson, J. H. (1972). Phytocentology and primary production at Eagle Summit, Alaska. 1972 Tundra Biome Symposium, Lake Wilderness Center, University of Washington, U.S. Tundra Biome. Andersson, S. O. and J. Enander (1948). Om Produktionen av Lovfrna och dennas sammasttning i ett mellansvenskt aspbestnd. Svenska SkogsvFren. Tidskr 46(265-270). Ando, T., Chiba, K., Nishimura, T., Tanimoto, T. (1977). Temperate fir and hemlock forests in Shikoku. JIBP Synthesis: Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests. T. Shidei and T. Kira. Tokyo, U. of Tokyo Press. 16: Ch. 7.4. Andreev, D. P. and A. A. Pugachev (1981). Transformation of plant litter in soils of the Okhotsk mountain province. Ekologiya 2: 8-13. Andreev, D. P., Pugachev, A.A. (1983). Transformation of plant litter in soils of the Okhotsk mountain province, 1983 Plenum Publishing Corporation. Arianoutsou, M. (1989). Timing of litter production in maquis ecosystem of North-Eastern Greece. Acta Oecologica 10(4): 371-378. Arnason, J. T. and D. J. H. Lambert. (1982). Nitrogen cycling in the seasonally dry forest zone of Belize, Central America. In: G. P. Robertson, and T. H. Rosswall (eds.), Nitrogen cycling in ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. Plant and Soil 67: 333-342. Arthur, M. A. and T. J. Fahey (1992). Biomass and nutrients in an Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir forest in north central Colorado: pools, annual production, and internal cycling. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 315-325. Ashton, D. H. (1975). Studies on litter in Eucalyptus regans forests. Aust. J. Bot. 23: 413-433. Attiwill, P. M. (1968). The loss of elements from decomposing litter. Ecology 49: 142-145. Attiwill, P. M. (1972). On the cycling of elements in mature Eucalyptus obliqua forest. Proceeding of the Australian Forest-Tree Nutrition Conference Canberra, Forest and Timber Bureau, Canberra. Attiwill, P. M., H. B. Guthrie, et al. (1978). Nutrient cycling in a Eucalyptus obliqua (L'Herit) forest. I. Litter production and nutrient return. Aust. J. Bot. 26: 79-92. Bamberg, S. A., A. T. Vollmer, et al. (1976). A comparison of seasonal primary production of Mojave Desert shrubs during wet and dry years. Am. Midl. Nat. 95 : 398-405. Bamberg, S. A., G. E. Kleinkopf, et al. (1975). Comparative photosynthetic production of Mojave Desert shrubs. Ecology 56 : 732-736. Bandhu, D. (1981). Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. International Biological Program. Chakia, India, Cambridge University Press, U. K. Bandhu, D. (1981). Tropical deciduous forest ecosystem. Modelling forest ecosystems. Chakia project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA. Bares, R. H. and M. K. Wali (1979). Chemical relations and litter production of Picea mariana and Larix laricina stands on alkaline peatland in northern Minnesota. Vegetatio 40: 79-94. Bargali, S. S., S. P. Singh, et al. (1993). Patterns of weight loss and nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter in an age series of Eucalypt plantations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25(12): 1731-1738. Bartholomew, W. V., J. Meyer, et al. (1953). Mineral nutrient immobilization under forest and grass fallow in the Yangambi (Belgian Congo) region. Publications de l'Insitute National Pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge. SÈrie Scientifque 57: 1-27. Basov, V. G. (1987). Litter Dynamics in Pine Biogeocenoses in the Steppe Zone. Ekologiya(6, November-December): 25-31. Bazilevich, N. I. (1993). Biological Productivity of Ecosystems of Northern Eurasia. Moscow, Navka Publishers. Bazilevich, N. I., Rodin, L.E. (1966). The biological cycle of nitrogen and ash elements in plant communities of the tropical and subtropical zones. Forestry Abstracts 27: 357-372. Beatly, J. C. (1969). Biomass of desert winter annual populations in southern Nevada. Oikos 20: 261-273. Bell, D. T., Johnson, F.L., Gilmore, A.R. (1978). Dynamics of litter fall, decomposition, and incorporation in the streamside forest ecosystem. OIKOS 30: 76-82. Bellot, J., J. R. Sanchez, et al. (1992). Litterfall as measure of primary production in Mediterranean holm-oak forest. Vegetatio 99-100: 69-76. Benecke*, U. and A. H. Nordmeyer (1982). Carbon uptake and allocation by Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Pool and Pinus contorta ex Louden spp. contorta at montane and subalpine altitudes. Carbon Uptake and Allocation in Subalpine Ecosystems as a Key to Management , pp. 9-21. IUFRO Workshop Proceedings, August 2-3, 1982, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Berendse, F. (1990). Organic matter accumulation and nitrogen mineralization during secondary succession in heathland ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 78: 413-427. Berg*, B. and B. Sderstrom (1979). Fungal biomass and nitrogen in decomposing Scots pine needle litter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11: 339-341. Berg*, B., B. Wessen, et al. (1982). Nitrogen levels and decomposition in Scots pine needle litter. Oikos 38: 291-296. Berish, C. W. (1982). Root biomass and surface area in three successional tropical forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12: 699-704. Bernhard*-Reversat, C. (1975). Recherches sur l'ecosysteme de la foret subequatoriale de basse Cote-d'Ivoire. VI. Les cycles des macroelements. La Terre et la Vie (Paris) 29: 229-255. Bernhard, R. (1970). Štude de la litiÈre et de sa contribution au cycle des ÈlÈments minÈraux en forÍt ombrophile de cote-d'ivoire. Oecol. Plant 5: 247-266. Bernhard-Reversat, F. (1975). Biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen in a semiarid savanna. Oikos 38: 321-332. Bernhard-Reversat, F. (1982). Les cycles biogochemique des elements mineraux en plantations d'Eucalyptus camaldulensis et en fort naturelle a Acacia seyal au Senegal, United States Agency for International Development. Bernhard-Reversat, F. (1993). Dynamics of litter and organic matter at the soil-litter interface fast-growing tree plantations on sandy ferrallitic soils (Congo). Acta Oecologica 14(2): 179-195. Bernhard-Reversat, F. and H. Poupon (1980). Nitrogen cycling in a soil-tree system in a Sahelian savanna. Nitrogen cycling in West African ecosystems. SCOPE-UNEP Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment- United Nations Environmental Program) International Nitrogen Unit, Stockholm, Sweden, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Bevage, D. I. (1978). Biomass and nutrient distribution in indigenous forest ecosystems, Dep. Forestry Queensland. Bevage, I. D. (1978). Biomass and nutrient distribution in indigenous forest ecosystems, Department of Forestry, Queensland, Australia. Bhat, D. M. (1990). Litter production and seasonality in tropical moist forest ecosystems of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 100(2): 139-152. B–hmerle*, K. (1906). Die Streuversuche im grossen F–hrenvalde. W. Fricke, Vienna. 22 pp. Binkley, D., J. P. Kimmins, et al. (1982). Water chemistry profiles in an early- and a mid-successional forest in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12: 240-248. Birk, E. M. (1979). Overstory and understory litterfall in a eucalyptus forest: spatial and temporal variability. Australian Journal of Botany 27: 145-156. Birk, E. M. and R. G. Bridges (1989). Recurrent fires and fuel accumulation in even-aged blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) forests. Forest Ecology and Management 29: 59-79. Birk, E. M., Simpson, R. W. (1980). Steady state and the continuous input model of litter accumulation and decomposition in Australian Eucalypt forest. Ecology 13: 481-485. Bjerregaard, R. S. (1971). The nitrogen budget of two salt desert shrub communities of western Utah, Utah State University. Blasco, F. and B. Tassy (1975). Etude d'un cosystme forestier montagnard du Sud de l'Inde. Bulletin d'Ecologie 6: 525-539. Blow, F. E. (1955). Quantity and hydrologic characteristics of litter under upland oak forests in eastern Tennessee. Journal of Forestry 53: 190-195. Blyth, J. R. and D. A. MacLeod (1981). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in northeast Scotland. I. Relationship between site factors and growth. Forestry 54: 41-62. Bockheim, J. G. and J. E. Leide (1986). Litter and forest-floor dynamics in a Pinus resinosa plantation in Wisconsin. Plant and Soil 96: 393-406. Boerner, R. E. J. (1984). Nutrient fluxes in litterfall and decomposition in four forests along a gradient of soil fertility in southern Ohio. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14: 794-802. Boerner, R. E. J. (1985). Interrelations among soil nutrient availability, N and P cycling and N and P use efficiency in four hardwood forest stands. IN: Fifth Central Hardwood Conference Proceedings (J. O. Dawson and K. A. Majerus, eds.), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Boerner, R. E. J., Kooser, J.G. (1989). Leaf litter redistribution among forest patches within an Allegheny Plateau watershed. Landscape Ecology 2: 81-92. Bonnevie-Svendsen, C. and O. Gjems (1957). Amount and chemical composition of the litter from larch, beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine stands and its effect on the soil. Medd. Norske Skogsforsoksv 48: 111-168. Bornebusch, C. H. (1937). Iagttagelser over rodgranens naalefald. Forstlige Forsogvaesen i Danmark. 14 173-176. Boysen*-Jensen, P. (1930). Unters\"ogelser over Stofproductionen i yngre Bevoksninger Ask og Bg. II. Forstlige Forsogvaesen i Danmark 10: 365-391. Bradstock*, R. (1981). Biomass in an age series of Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Australian Forest Research 11: 111- 127. Brasell*, H. M., G. L. Unwin, et al. (1980). The quantity, temporal distribution and mineral-element content of litterfall in two forest types at two sites in tropical Australia. Journal of Ecology 68: 123-139. Brasell*, H., Unwin, G. L., and Stocker, G. C. (1977). The pattern and chemical composition of litterfall in two forest types of tropical Australia. Brasell, H. M. and D. F. Sinclair (1983). Mineral elements returned to forest floor in two rainforest and three plantation plots in tropical Australia. Journal of Ecology 71: 367-378. Brinson*, M. M., H. D. Bradshaw, et al. (1980). Litterfall, stemflow, and throughfall nutrient fluxes in an alluvial swamp forest. Ecology 61: 827-835. Britton, D. L. (1990). Fire and the dynamics of allochthonous detritus in a South African mountain stream. Freshwater Biology 24: 347-360. Broadfoot, W. M. and W. H. Pierre (1939). Forest soil studies: I. Relation of rate of decomposition of tree leaves to their acid-base balance and other chemical properties. Soil Science 48: 329-348. Broekke, F. H. and T. T. Kozlowski (1975). Shrinkage and swelling of stems of Pinus resinosa and Betula papyrifera in northern Wisconsin. Plant and Soil 43: 387-410. Broekke, F. H. and T. T. Kozlowski (1977). Distribution and growth of roots in Pinus resinosa and Betula papyrifera stands. Meddr. Norsk Inst. Skogforsk. 33: 437-451. Bruijnzeel*, L. A. (1982). Hydrological and Biogeochemical Aspects of Man-Made Forests in South-Central Java, Indonesia. Bruijnzeel, L. A. (1984). Elemental content of litterfall in a lower montane rain forest in central Java, Indonesia. Malaysian Nature Journal 37: 199-208. Bruijnzeel, L. A. (1985). Nutrient content of litterfall in coniferous forest plantations in central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1: 353-372. Burgess*, R. L. (1981). Physiognomy and pytosociology of the international woodlands research sites. Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. D. E. Reichle, Cambridge University Press, New York: 1-35. Burrows*, W. H. (1971). Studies in the ecology and control of green turkey bush (Eremophila gilesii F. Muell.) in south- west Queensland, University of Queensland. Burrows*, W. H. (1972). Productivity of an arid zone shrub (Eremophila gilesii) community in southwest Queensland. Aust J. Bot. 20: 317-30. Burrows, D. M. and W. H. Burrows (1992). Seed production and litter fall in some Eucalypt communities in central Queensland. Australian Journal of Botany 40: 389-403. Buzykin, A. I. (1978). Productivity of pine forests. Moscow, Navka Publishers. Cabanettes*, A. (1979). Croissance, biomasse et productivit de Pinus oinea L. en petite Camargue, Universit des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc. Callaway, R. M. and N. M. Nadkarni (1991). Seasonal patterns of nutrient deposition in a Quercus douglasii woodland in central California. Plant and Soil 137: 209-222. Campbell, I. C., K. R. James, et al. (1992). Allochthonous coarse particulate organic material in forest and pasture reaches of two south-eastern Australian streams. I. Litter accession. Freshwater Biology 27: 341-352. Cannell*, M. G. R. (1982). World Forest Biomass and Primary Production Data, Academic Press, London. Carey, M. L. and E. P. Farrell (1978). Production, accumulation and nutrient content of Sitka spruce litterfall. Irish Forestry 35: 35-44. Carlyle, J. C. and D. C. Malcolm (1986). Larch litter and nitrogen availability in mixed larch-spruce stands. II. A comparison of larch and spruce litters as a nitrogen source for Sitka spruce seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 327-329. Carlyle, J. C., Malcolm, D. C. (1986). Larch litter and nitrogen availability in mixed larch-spruce stands. I. Nutrient withdrawal, redistribution, and leaching loss from larch foliage at senescence. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 321-326. Carretero, E. M. and A. D. Dalmasso (1992). Litter yield in shrubs of larrea in the andean piedmont of Mendoza, Argentina. Vegetatio 101: 21-33. Carson, W. P. and C. J. Peterson (1990). The role of litter in an old-field community: impact of litter quantity in different seasons on plant species richness and abundance. Oecologia 85: 8-13. Chandler, R. F. (1941). The amount and mineral content of freshly fallen leaf litter in the hardwood forests of central New York. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 33: 859-871. Chandler, R. F. (1944). Amount and mineral content of freshly fallen needle litter of some north-eastern conifers. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Charley*, J. L. and S. W. Cowling (1968). Changes in soil nutrient status resulting from overgrazing and their consequences in plant communities of semi arid areas. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 3: 28-38. Chaturvedi*, O. P. and J. S. Singh (1982). Total biomass and biomass production of Pinus roxburghii trees growing in all-aged natural forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12: 632-640. Chaturvedi, O. P. and J. S. Singh (1987). A quantitative study of the forest floor biomass, litter fall and nurtient return in a Pinus roxburghii forest Kumaun Himalaya. Vegetatio 71: 97-106. Chauvet, E. and A. M. Jean-Louis (1988). Production de litiÈre de la ripisylve de la Garonne et apport au fleuve. Acta Oecologica/oecologica generalis 9: 265-279. Chew*, R. M. and A. E. Chew (1965). The primary productivity of a desert shrub (larrea tridentata) community. Ecol. Monogr. 35: 355-375. Chiba*, K. (1967). A study on the soil respiration of forests (I) The relationships between soil respiration and air temperature. Bull. Kyoto Univ. For. 39: 91-99. Chiba*, K. (1968). A study on the soil respiration of forests (II) Number of plots .. Bull. Kyoto Univ. For. 40: 131-139. Christensen, B. (1978). Biomass and primary production of Rhizophora apiculata Bl. in a mangrove in southern Thailand. Aquatic Botany 4: 43-52. Clark, J. S. (1990). Twentieth-century climate change, fire suppression, and forest production and decomposition in northwestern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 219-232. Claudot*, M. (1956). Influence de l'Eucalyptus sur l'evolution des sols au Maroc. FAO/SCM/EU/7-B. (Mimeographed). Coile*, T. S. (1937). Composition of leaf litter of forest trees. Soil Science 43: 349-355. Coldwell, B. B. and W. A. DeLong (1950). Studies of the composition of deciduous forest leaves before and after partial decomposition. Sci. Agric. 30: 456-466. Cole, D. W. and M. Rapp (1981). Elemental cycling in forests, Cambridge University Press, London. Cole, D. W., S. P. Gessel, et al. (1977). Distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in a second-growth Douglas-fir ecosystem, University of Maine Press, Orono. Collins, N. M. (1977). Vegetation and litter production in Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria. Oecologia 28: 163-175. Cornforth, I. S. (1970). Leaf-fall in a tropical rainforest. Journal of Applied Ecology 7: 603-608. Cornforth, I. S. (1970). Reafforestation and nutrient reserves in the humid tropics. J. Appl. Ecol. 7: 609-615. Covington, W. W. (1981). Changes in forest floor organic matter and nutrient content following clear cutting in northern hardwoods. Ecology 62: 41-48. Cox, T. L., F. L. Harris, et al. (1978). The role of roots in biogeochemical cycles in an eastern deciduous forest. Pedobiologia 18: 264-271. Cromack, K. and C. D. Monk (1975). Litter production, decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a mixed hardwood watershed and a white pine watershed. Mineral Cycling in Southeastern Ecosystems pp. 609-624. ERDA Symposium Series (CONF-470513). Cromack, K., Jr. (1973). Litter production and decomposition in a mixed hardwood watershed and a white pine watershed at Coweeta Hydrologic Station, North Carolina, University of Georgia, Athens. Crow, T. R. (1974). Temporal and spatial patterns of pretreatment litter production in site 1 and the control area. The Enterprise, Wisconsin, Radiation Forest: Preirradiation Ecological Studies, Technical Information Center, USAEC, Washington, D.C. pp. 105-113. Cruze, d. l., Acosta, A. (1964). A preliminary study of organic detritus in a tropical forest ecosystem. Revista de Biologica Tropicale 12: 175-185. Cuevas*, E., S. Brown, et al. (1991). Above- and belowground organic matter storage and production in a tropical pine plantation and a paired broadleaf secondary forest. Plant Soil 135: 257-268. Cuevas, E. and E. Medina (1986). Nutrient dynamics within Amazonian forest ecosystems. Oecologia (Berlin) 68: 466-472. Cuevas, E., Medina, E. (1988). Nutrient dynamics within Amazonian forests II. Fine root growth, nutrient availability and leaf litter decomposition. Oecologia 76: 222-235. Cunningham, R. K. (1963). The effect of clearing a tropical forest soil. Journal of Soil Science 14: 334-345. Curtis*, Y. (1975). Soil-vegetation relationships in the cypress pine forests of the Pilliga region, University New England. Damman*, A. W. H. (1964). Some forest types of central Newfoundland and their relation to environmental factors. Forest Science Monographs 8: 1-62. Damman*, A. W. H. (1971). Effect of vegetation changes on the fertility of a Newfoundland forest site. Ecological Monographs 41: 253-270. Dankelmann* (1887b). Day, F. P. (1982). Litter decomposition rates in the seasonally flooded great dismal swamp. Ecology 63: 670-678. DeAngelis*, D. L., R. H. Gardner, et al. (1981). Productivity of forest ecosystems studied during the IBP: The woodlands data set, Cambridge University Press, London. Deans*, J. D. (1979). Fluctuations of the soil environment and fine root growth in a young Sitka spruce plantation. Plant and Soil 52: 195-208. Delghi, G. S., K. C. Ewel, et al. (1980). Effects of sewage effluent application on litterfall and litter decomposition in cypress swamps. Journal of Applied Ecology 17: 397-408. Denaeyer*-De Smet, S. and P. Duvigneaud (1977). Cycles biogochimiques dans une hetraie et une pessire Mirwart. Productivit Biologique en Belgique , pp. 301-311. SCOPE. Travaux de la Section belge du Programme Biologique International., Duculot-Gembloux, Belgium. Devineau, J.-L. (1976). Donnees preliminaires sur la litiere et la chute des feuilles dans quelques formations forestieres semi-decidueus se moyenne Cute-d'Ivoire. Oecologia Plantarum 11: 375-395. Dimock, E. J. (1958). Litterfall in a young stand of Douglas fir. Northwest Sci. 32: 19-29. Dolan, R. W. and E. S. Menges (1989). Vegetation and environment in adjacent post oak (Quercus stellata) flatwoods and barrens in Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 122: 329-338. Domingos, M., F. Poggiani, et al. (1990). Produato do serapilheira na floresta da reserva biolugica de paranapiacaba, sufeita aos poluentes atmosfÈricos de cubat“o, SP1. Hoehnea 17: 47-58. Dommergues, T. (1963). Les cycles biogochimiques des lments minraux dans les formations tropicales. Bois et ForÍts des Tropiques 87: 9-25. Drew, W. B., S. Aksornkoae, et al. (1978). An assessment of productivity in successional stages from abandoned swidden (rai) to dry evergreen forest in Northeastern Thailand. Forest Research Bulletin 56: 1-31. Dugger*, K. R. (1978). Observaciones en tres bosques de climas distintas en Puerto Rico. Quinto Simposio de los Recursas Naturales., Departmento de Recursos Naturlaes San Juan, Puerto Rico. Duke, N. C. (1988). Phenologies and Litter Fall of Two Mangrove Trees, Sonneratia alba Sm. and S. caseolaris (L.) Engl., and Their Putative Hybrid, S. x gulngai N.C. Duke. Australian Journal of Botany 36: 473-482. Duvigneaud*, P., S. Denaeyer-DeSmet, et al. (1977). Productivit primaire de forts Belges de types varis. Duvigneaud, P. and S. Denaeyer-DeSmet (1977). Biomass, productivity and mineral cycling in deciduous mixed forests in Belgium. N:Symposium primary productivity and mineral cycling in natural ecosystems., New York City, December 27. Ebermeyer, E. (1876). Die gesamte Lehre der Waldstreu mit Rcksicht auf die chemische Statik des Waldbaues. Julius Springer, Berlin: 116. Edmisten*, J. (1970). Preliminary studies of the nitrogen budget of a tropical rain forest. A Tropical Rain Forest. H. T. Odum and R. F. Pigeon, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.: H-211-H-214. Edmonds*, R. L. (1979). Decomposition and nutrient release in Douglass-fir needle litter in relation to stand development. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9: 132-140. Edmonds*, R. L. (1984). Long term decomposition and nutrient dynamics in Pacific silver fir needles in western Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14: 395-. Edwards*, N. T. and B. M. Ross-Todd (1979). The effects of stem girdling on biogeochemical cycles within a mixed deciduous forest in Eastern Tennessee. Oecologia 40: 247-257. Edwards*, N. T. and W. F. Harris (1977). Carbon cycling in a mixed deciduous forest floor. Ecology 58: 431-437. Edwards*, N. T., Shugart, H. H., McLaughlin, S. B., Harris, W. F., and D. E. Reichle (1981). Carbon metabolism in terrestrial ecosystems. Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. D. E. Reichle, Cambridge University Press, London: 499-536. Edwards*, P. J. (1977). Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea II. The production and disappearance of litter. Journal of Ecology 65: 971-992. Edwards*, P. J. (1982). Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rainforest in New Guinea. V. Rates of cycling in throughfall and litterfall. Journal of Ecology 70: 807-827. Edwards*, P. J. and P. J. Grubb (1977). Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rainforest in New Guinea. I. The distribution of organic matter in the vegetation and soil. Journal of Ecology 65: 943-969. Edwards*, P. J. and P. J. Grubb (1982). Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rainforest in New Guinea. IV. Soil characteristics and the division of mineral elements between the vegetation and soil. Journal of Ecology 70: 649-666. Egunjobi*, J. K. (1974). Litterfall and mineralization in a teak (Tectona grandis) stand. Oikos 25: 222-226. Egunjobi, J. K., Onweluzo, B. S. (1979). Litter fall, mineral turnover and litter accumulation in Pinus caribaea L. stands at Ibadan, Nigeria. Biotropica 11: 251-255. Ehwald*, E. (1957). Ðber den N”hrstoffkreislauf des Waldes. Dtsch. Akad. Landwirtschaftwissenschaften Berlin 6: 1-56. Elagin, I. N. and V. P. Cherkashin (1986). Structure and dynamics of litter in Iris-Cowberry pine forest. Ekologiya,(4, July-August): 196-199. Ellenberg*, H., Ed. (1971). Integrated Experimental Ecology. Methods and Results of Ecosystem Research in the German Solling Project (Ecological Studies 2). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Emmerson, W. D. and L. E. McGwynne (1992). Feeding and assimilation of mangrove leaves by the crab Sesarma meinerti de Man in relation to leaf-litter production in Mgazana, a warm-temperate southern African mangrove swamp. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 157: 41-53. Enright, N. J. (1979). Litter production and nutrient partitioning in rain forest near Bulolo, Papau New Guinea. Malaysian Forester 42: 202-207. Evenari*, M., E.-D. Schultz, et al. Ecophyiological investigations in the Negev desert. III. The diurnal course of carbon dioxide exchange and its balance in regard to primary production. Ewel*, J. J. (1976). Litterfall and leaf decomposition in a tropical forest succession in eastern Guatemala. Journal of Ecology 64: 293-308. Ewel, K. C. and S. Atmosoedirdjo (1987). Flower and fruit production in three north Florida ecosystems. Biological Sciences 50(4): 216-222. Ewel, K. C., J. Cropper, W.P, et al. (1987). Soil CO2 evolution in Florida slash pine plantations. I. Changes through time. Canadian Journal of Forestry 17: 325-329. Facelli, J. M. and W. P. Carson (1991). Heterogeneity of plant litter accumulation in successional communities. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 118: 62-66. Fahey, T. J. (1983). Nutrient dynamics of aboveground detritus in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. Latifolia) ecosystems, southeastern Wyoming. Ecological Monographs 53: 51-72. Fassbender*, H. W. and G. Grimm (1981). Ciclos Bioquimicos en un ecosistema forestal de los Andes Occidentales de Venezuela. II. Produccin y descomposicion de los residuous vegetales. Turrialba 31: 39-47. Federer, C. A. (1983). Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification: Depth variation in four New England forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 47: 1008-1014. Federer, C. A. (1984). Organic matter and nitrogen content of the forest floor in even-aged northern hardwoods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14: 763-767. Federer, C. A., Hornbeck, J. W. (1985). The buffer capacity of forest soils in New England. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 26: 163-173. Feller, M. C. (1980). Biomass and nutrient distribution in two eucalypt forest ecosystems. Australian Journal of Ecology 5: 309-333. Finn, R. F. (1943). The leaching of some plant nutrients following the burning of forest litter. Black Rock Forest Papers 1: 128-134. Florence*, R. G. (1961). Studies in the ecology of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis Sm.), University of Sidney. Florence*, R. G. (1965). Decline of old-growth redwood forests in relation to some soil microbiological processes. Ecology 46: 52-64. Folster*, H. and G. del las Salas (1976). Litterfall and mineralization in three evergreen forest stands, Columbia. Acto Cientifica Venezolana 27: 196-202. Folster*, H., G. De las Salas, et al. (1976). A tropical evergreen forest site with perched water table, Magdalena Valley, Columbia. Biomass and bioelement inventory of primary and secondary vegetation. Oecologia Plantarum 11: 297-320. Folster, H., De Las Salas, Khanna, P. (1976). A tropical evergreen forest site with perched water table, Magdalena valley, Columbia biomass and bioelement inventory of primary and secondary vegetation. Oecol. Plant 11: 297-320. Fogel*, R. and G. Hunt (1983). Contribution of mycorrhizae and soil fungi to nutrient cycling in a Douglas-fir ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9(245-256). Fogel*, R. and K. Cromack, Jr. (1977). Effect of habitat and substrate quality on Douglas-fir litter decomposition in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 55: 1632-1640. Fogel, R. and H. G. (1979). Fungal and arboreal biomass in a western Oregon Douglas-fir ecosystem: distribution patterns and turnover. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9: 219-232. Foster*, N. W. and I. K. Morrison (1976). Distribution and cycling of nutrients in a natural Pinus banksiana ecosystem. Ecology 57: 110-120. Foster, N. W. (1974). Annual macroelement transfer from Pinus banksiana Lamb. forest to soil. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4: 470-476. Fournier*, L. A. and L. Comancho de Castro (1973). Produccion y decomposicion del mantillo en un bosque secundario medo de premontano. Revista de Biologia Tropical 21: 59-67. Fox, B. J., M. D. Fox, et al. (1979). Litter accumulation after fire in a eucalypt forest. Aust. J. Bot. 27: 157-165. Franco, W. (1979). Die Wasserdynamik einiger Waldstandorte der West-Llanos Venezuelas und Ihre Beziehung zur Saisonalitt des Laubfalls, Universitt Gttingen, West Germany. Franken*, M. V., I. V., et al. (1979). Litterfall in inundation, riverine, and terra firme forest of central Amazonia. Tropical Ecology 20: 225-235. Franken, M. (1979). Major nutrient and energy contents of the litterfall of a riverine forest of central Amazonia. Tropical Ecology 20: 211-224. Frankie, G. W., H. G. Baker, et al. (1974). Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 62: 881-919. Freedman, B. and U. Prager (1985). Ambient bulk deposition, throughfall, and stemflow in a variety of forest stands in Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 854-860. Freedman, B., P. N. Duinker, et al. (1986). Biomass and nutrients in Nova Scotian forests, and implications of intensive harvesting for future site productivity. Forest Ecology and Management 15: 103-127. Fried, J. S., J. R. Boyle, et al. (1990). Effects of bigleaf maple on soils in Douglas-fir forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 259-266. Fujimori*, T., S. Kawanabe, et al. (1976). Biomass and primary production in forests of three major vegetation zones of the northwestern Unites States. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society 58: 360-373. Furtado, J. I., S. Verghese, et al. (1980). Litter production in a freshwater swamp forest, Tasek Bera, Malasia. Tropical Ecology and Development. Proceedings of the VthInternational Symposium of Tropical Ecology, International Society of Tropical Ecology, Kuala Lumpur, Malasia. Fyles, J. W., G. H. La Roi, et al. (1986). Litter production in Pinus banksiana dominated stands in northern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 772-777. Gabeev, V. N. (1990). Ecology and Productivity of Pine Forests. Novosibirsk, Russia, Navka Publishers. Galloway, J. N. and H. Rodhe (1991). Regional atmospheric budgets of S and N fluxes: how well can they be quantified? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B: 61-80. Garg, R. K. and L. N. Vyas (1975). Litter production in deciduous forest near Udaipur (South Rajasthan) India. Springer, New York. Garg, R. K., Vyas, L.N. (1975). Litter production in deciduous forest near Udaipur (South Rajasthan), India, Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Garrett, H. E. and G. S. Cox (1973). Carbon Dioxide Evolution from the floor of an Oak-Hickory forest. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37: 641-644. Gaur, J. P. and H. N. Pandey (1978). Litter production in two tropical deciduous forest communities at Varansai, India. Oikos 30: 570-575. George*, M. and G. Varghese (1990). Nutrient cycling in Eucalyptus globulus plantation II. litter production and nutrients return. Indian Forester 116(2): 962-968. George, M. and G. Varghese (1991). Nutrient cycling in Eucalyptus globulsu plantation III. Nutrients retained, returned uptake and nutrient cycling. Indian Forester 117: 110-116. Gessel, S. P. (1939). A Study of the Decomposition of Organic Matter on a Southern Sierra Transect and in the Laboratory with Special Reference to Forest Floor Accumulation and Total Organic Matter, University of California, Berkeley. Gessel, S. P. and J. Turner (1976). Litter production in western Washington Douglas-fir stands. Forestry 49(63-72). Gessel, S. P., D. W. Cole, et al. (1980). The nutrient cycles of two Costa Rican forests. New Delhi, India, Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers. Gholz, H. L., C. S. Pery, et al. (1985). Litterfall, decomposition, and nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a chronosequence of slash pine (pinus elliottii) plantations. Forest Science 31: 463-478. Ghosh, P. B., B. N. Singh, et al. (1990). Mangrove litter production in a tidal creek of Lothian island of Sundarbans. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 1990: 292-293. Gill*, A. M. (1964). Soil-vegetation realtionships near Kinglake West Vitoria, University of Melbourne, Victoria. Gist*, C. S. (1973). Some Tropical Modelling Efforts. U. S. U. Ecology Center, Logan Utah, U.S.A. Glavac*, V. and H. Koenies (1978). Mineral nitrogen content and net nitrogen mineralization in the soil of a spruce stand and a clearfelled area during 1977 growth. Oecologia Plantaruum 13: 207-218. Golley*, F. B., J. T. McGinnis, et al., Eds. (1975). Mineral Cycling in a Tropical Moist Forest Ecosystem, University of Georgia Press, Athens. Golley, F., Odum, H. T., Wilson, R. F. (1962). The structure and Metabolism of a Puerto Rican Red Mangrove forest in May. Ecology 43: 9, 18. Gong*, W. K. (1972). Studies on the Rates of Fall, Decomposition, and Nutrient Release of Leaf Litter of Representative Species in a Lowland Dipterocarp Forest, University of Malaya. Gong*, W. K. and J. E. Ong (1983). Litter production and decomposition in a coastal hill dipterocarp forest. British Ecological Society Rain Forest Symposium, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K. Gong*, W. K., J. E. Ong, et al. (1983). Productivity of mangrove trees and its significance in a managed mangrove ecosystem in Malaysia. Mangrove Environment, University of Malaya. Gordon*, A. M., S. R.E., et al. (1987). Seasonal patterns of soil respiration and CO2 evolution following harvesting in the white spruce forests of interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 304-310. Gosz, J. R., G. E. Likens, et al. (1976). Organic matter and nutrient dynamics of the forest and forest floor in the Hubbard Brook Forest. Oecologia 22: 305-320. Gou*, J. X. and T. C. Zhu (1992). Contrast study about litter dynamics of main communities in an Eurolepidium chinense grassland region in northeast of China. Acta Botanica Sinica 34(7): 529-534. Gray, J. T. (1982). Community structure and productivity in Ceanothus chaparral and coastal sage scrub of southern California. Ecological Monographs 52: 415-435. Gray, J. T. and W. H. Schlessinger (1981). Biomass, production, and litterfall in the coastal sage scrub of southern California. American Journal of Botany 68: 24-33. Greenland, D. J. and J. M. L. Kowal (1960). Nutrient content of moist tropical forest in Ghana. Plant and Soil 12: 154-174. Grier*, C. C. and R. S. Logan (1977). Old growth Pseudotsuga menziesii communities of a western Oregon watershed: Biomass distribution and production budgets. Ecological Monographs 47: 373-400. Grier*, C. C., K. A. Vogt, et al. (1981). Biomass distribution and above- and below ground production in young and mature Abies amabilis zone ecosystems of the Washington Cascades. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 155-167. Grier, C. C. (1976). Biomass productivity and nitrogen-phosphorus cycles in hemlock-spruce stands of the central Oregon coast, University of Washington Press, Seattle. Grigal, D. F. and J. G. McColl (1975). Litter fall after wildfire in virgin forests of northeastern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5: 655-661. Grimm*, U. and H. W. Fassbender (1981). Biochemical cycles in a forest ecosystem in the western Andes of Venezuela. I. Inventory of organic and mineral reserves. Turrialba 31: 27-37. Grodzinski, W., J. Greszta, et al. (1990). Effect of the chemical composition of industrial dusts on forest floor organic matter accumulation. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 53: 169-178. Grubb*, P. J. and P. J. Edwards (1982). Studies of mineral cycling in montane rain forest in New Guinea. III. The distribution of mineral elements in the aboveground material. Journal of Ecology 70: 623-648. Haines*, L. W., T. E. Maki, et al. (1975). The effect of mechanical site preparation treatments on soil productivity and tree (Pinus taeda L. and P. elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) growth. Forest Soils and Forest Land Management. B. Bernier and D. H. Winget, University of Laval Press, Quebec, Canada: 379-395. Haines, B. and R. B. Foster (1977). Energy flow through litter in a Panamanian forest. Journal of Ecology 65: 147-155. Hall*, E. A., R. L. Specht, et al. (1964). Regeneration of the vegetation on Koonamore vegetation reserve, 1926-1962. Aust. J. Bot. 12: 205-64. Hall*, N., R. D. Johnson, et al. (1963). The Natural Occurrence of the Eucalypts (second edition), Commonwealth of Australia, Department of National Development Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaflet No. 65. Halliwell*, D. H. and M. J. Apps (1997). Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Biometry and Auxiliary Sites: Soils and Detritus Data, Canadian Forest Service Northern Forestry Centre. Hamilton, S. D., A. C. Lawrie, et al. (1991). Effects of fuel-reduction burning on a Eucalyptus obliqua forest ecosystem in Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany 39: 203-217. Hannon, N. J. (1958). The status of nitrogen in the Hawkesbury sandstone soils and their plant communities in the Sydney district. II. The distribution and circulation of nitrogen. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW. Harmon, M. E. and C. Hua (1991). Coarse woody debris dynamics in two old-growth ecosystems. Comparing a deciduous forest in China and a conifer forest in Oregon. BioScience 41: 604-609. Haro, G. O. and G. Oba (1993). Dynamics of Acacia tortilis litter in the Turkwel river floodplain woodlands, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 31: 200-209. Harris*, W. F., R. S. Kinerson, Jr., et al. (1977). Comparison of belowground biomass of natural deciduous forests and loblolly pine plantations. Pedobiologia 17: 369-381. Hase, H., Folster, H. (1982). Bioelement inventory of a tropical (semi-) evergreen seasonal forest on eutrophic alluvial soils, Western Llanos, Venezuela. Oecol. Plant 3: 331-346. Hatch, A. B. (1955). The influence of plant litter on the Jarrah forestsoils of the Dwellingup region - Western Australia, Commonw. Aust. For. Timb. Bur. Lflt. No. 70, Canberra, 18 pp.: 3-18. Hawkins, P. J. (1966). Seed production and litterfall studies of Callitris Columellaris. Aust. For. Res. 2(3-16). Heald*, E. J. (1969). The Production of Organic Detritus in a South Florida Estuary, University of Miami. Hegarty, E. E. (1991). Leaf litter production by lianes and trees in a sub-tropical Australian rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 7: 201-214. Heilman*, P. E. (1961). Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the growth and nitrogen nutrition of low-site Douglas-fir stands, University of Washington, Seattle. Herbohn, J. L. and R. A. Congdon (1993). Ecosystem dynamics at disturbed and undisturbed sites in north Queensland wet tropical rain forest. II. Litterfall. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9: 365-380. Hernandes, I. M., J. F. Gallardo, et al. (1992). Dynamic of organic matter in forests subject to a mediterranean semi-arid climate in the Duero basin (Spain): litter production. Acta Oecologica 13: 55-65. Herrera*, R. A. (1979). Nutrient distribution and cycling in an Amazon caatinga forest on spodosols in southern Venzuela, University of Reading, England. Herrera*, R. and C. F. Jordan (1981). Nitrogen cycle in a tropical Amazonian rainforest: The Caatinga of low mineral nutrient status. Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycles. F. E. Clark and T. Roswall, Ecological Bulletin (Stockholm) 33: 493-505. Heyward, F. and R. M. Barnette (1936). Field characteristics and partial chemical analyses of the humus layer of longleaf pine forest soils. Bull. Fla. Agric. Exper. Sta. 302: 1-27. Higston*, F. J., G. M. Dimmock, et al. (1981). Nutrient distribution in Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn.) ecosystem in south-western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 3: 183-207. Hinesley, L. E., L. E. Nelson, et al. (1991). Weight and nutrient content of litter during secondary succession on well-drained uplands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain in Mississippi. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 848-857. Hirabuki, T. (1991). Heterogeneous dispersal of tree litterfall corresponding with patchy canopy structure in a temperate mixed forest. Vegetatio 94: 69-79. Hladik*, C. M. and A. Hladik (1972). Disponsibilities alimentaires et domaines vitaux des primates Ceylan. La Terre et la Vie 26(149-215). Hladik, A. (1978). Phenology of leaf production in rain forest of Gabon: distribution and composition of food for folivores. The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores. G. G. Montgomery, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.: 51-71. Holdridge*, L. R., W. C. Grenke, et al. (1971). Forest Environments in Tropical Life Zones. A Pilot Study, Pergamon, Oxford. Holland*, P. G. (1969). Weight dynamics of Eucalyptus in the mallee vegetation of south-east Australia. Ecology 50: 212-219. Hopkins*, B. (1965). Vegetation of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria. II. The climate with special reference to its seasonal changes. Journal of Ecology 53: 109-124. Hopkins, B. (1966). Vegetation of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria. IV. The litter and soil with special reference to their seasonal changes. Journal of Ecology 54: 687-703. Howard*, T. M. (1973). Studies in the ecology of Nothofagus Cunninghamii Oerst. II. Phenology. Australian Journal of Botany 21: 79-92. Hueveldop*, J. (1980). Bioklima von San Carlos de Rio Negro, Venezuela. Amazoniana 7: 7-17. Hutson, B. R. (1985). Rates of litterfall and organic matter turnover at three South Australian indigenous forest sites. Aust. J. Ecol. 10: 351-359. Huttel*, C. (1969). Rappoet d'activit l'anne 1968. Off. Rech. sci. technique outremer, Centre d' Adiopodoume, Cote d'Ivoire.. Huttel*, C. (1975). Root distribution and biomass in three Ivory Coast rain forest plots. Tropical Ecological Systems: Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research. F. B. Golley and E. Medina, Springer-Verlag, New York: 123-130. Huttel, C. and F. Bernhard-Reversat (1975). Recherches sur l'ecosysteme de la foret subequatoriale de basse Cote- d'Ivoire. V. Biomasse vegetale et productivite primaire cycle de la matiere organique. La Terre et la Vie (Paris) 29: 203-226. Hutton*, R. and E. Tyson (1966). Forest litter, Environment data base for regional studies in the humid tropics. Imbert, D. and J. Portecop (1986). Etude de la production de litiere dans la mangrove de Guadeloupe (Antilles franaises). Oecologia Plantarum 7: 379-396. Ingestad, T., A. Aronsson, et al. (1981). Nutrient flux density model of mineral nutrition in conifer ecosystems. Studia Forestalia Suecica 160: 61-71. Irmler, U. and H. Klinge (1979). Litterfall in inundation, riverine and terra firme forests of Central Amazonia. Tropical Ecology 20: 225-235. Isichei, A. O. and W. W. Sanford (1980). Nitrogen loss by burning from Nigerian grassland ecosystems. Nitrogen Cycling in West African Ecosystems. T. Rosswall, SCOPE/UNEP: 325-331. Iwatsubo, G. and T. Nishimura (1977). Water, carbon and mineral cycling. JIBP Synthesis: Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests. T. Shidei and T. Kira. Tokyo, U. of Tokyo Press. 16: Ch. 6.1. Jaro, Z. (1958). Erdeszettudomanyi_Kozlemenyek. Sopron 1: 151-162. Jackson, J. F. (1978). Seasonality of flowering and leaf fall in a Brazilian subtropical lower montane forest. Biotropica 10: 38-43. Jackson, L. E., R. B. Strauss, et al. (1990). Influence of tree canopies on grassland productivity and nitrogen dynamics in deciduous oak savanna. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 32: 89-105. Jacques*-Felix, J. and Chezeau. (1957). Sur une relation entre le climat, le type de vegtation et l'evolution d'un sol en zone intertropicale. Agronomie Tropicale 12: 599-609. Jaiyebo, E. O. and A. W. Moore (1964). Soil fertility and nutrient storage in different soil-vegetation systems in a tropical rein-forest environment. Tropical Agriculture Trinidad 41: 129-139. Jenny*, H., S. P. Gessel, et al. (1949). Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions. Soil Science 68: 419-432. Jenson, P. B. (1930). Undersogelser over stofprodktionen I yngre bevoksniger af ask og bog. II. Det forslige Forrsogsvaesen. X. 17: 387-391. Ji-xun, G., Ting-cheng, Zhu (1992). Contrast study about litter dynamics of main communities in An Eurolepidiun Chinese grassland region in northeast of China. Acta Botanica Sinica 34: 529-534. John, D. M. (1973). Accumulation and decay of litter and net production of forest in tropical West Africa. Oikos 24: 430-435. Johnson, D. W., H. Van Miegroet, et al. (1991). Nutrient cycling in red spruce forests of the Great Smoky Mountains. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 769-787. Jordan*, C. F. and G. Escalante (1980). Root productivity in an Amazonian rain forest. Ecology 61: 14-18. Jordan*, C. F. and P. G. Murphy (1976). A latitudinal gradient of wood and litter production and its implication regarding competition and species diversity in trees. The American Midland Naturalist 99(2): 415-. Jordan*, C. F. and P. G. Murphy (1982). Productivity of two forest types in the Amazon territory of Venezuela. Nutrient Dynamics of a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem and Changes in the Nutrient Cycle due to Cutting and Burning, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, U.S.A. Jordan*, C. F., J. R. Kline, et al. (1972). Relative stability of mineral cycles in forest ecosystems. American Naturalist 106: 237-253. Jordan*, C. F., J. R. Kline, et al. (1973). A simple model of strontium and manganese dynamics in a tropical rain forest. Health Physics 24: 477-489. Jordan*, C. F., W. Caskey, et al. (1982). The nitrogen cycle in a "terre firme" rain forest on oxisol in the Amazon territory of Venezuela. In G. P. Robertson, R. Herrera, and T. H. Rosswall (eds.), Nitrogen cycling in ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. Plant and Soil 67: 325-332. Jordan, C. F. (1971). Productivity of a tropical forest and its relation to world pattern of energy storage. Journal of Ecology 59(127-142). Jordan, C. F. and C. Uhl (1978). Biomass of a "tierra firme" forest of the Amazon Basin. Oecol. Plant. 13: 387-400. Jorgensen*, J. R., C. G. Wells, et al. (1980). Nutrient changes in decomposing loblolly pine forest floors. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44: 1307-1314. Jung, G. (1969). Cycles biogÈochimique dans un ÈcosystÈme de rÈgion tropical sÈche Acacia albida (Del.) sol ferrugineux tropical peu lessivÈ (Dior.). Oecologia Plantarum 4: 195- 210. Jurik, T. W., G. M. Briggs, et al. (1991). Soil respiration of five Aspen stands in northern lower Michigan. American Midland Naturalist 126: 68-75. Kakubari, Y. (1977). Distribution of primary productivity along the altitudinal gradient. JIBP Synthesis: Primary Productivity of Japanese forests: Productivity of terrestrial communities, Tokyo, Japan, University of Tokyo Press. Kakubari, Y. (1977). Evergreen broad-leafed, mixed secondary forest dominated by Castaropsis cuspidata. JIBP Synthesis: Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests: Productivity of terrestrial communities, Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press. Karizumi*, N. (1974). The mechanism and function of tree root in the process of forest production. III. Root desity and absorptive structure. Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Sta. 285: 43-149. Karizumi*, N. (1974). The mechanism and function of tree root in the process of forest production. II. Root biomass and distribution in stands. Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Sta. 267: 1-88. Katagiri*, S. and T. Tsutsumi (1973). The relation between site condition and circulation of nutrients in forest ecosystem (i) litterfall and nutrient contents. Journal of Japanese For. Soc. 55: 83-90. Katagiri*, S. and T. Tsutsumi (1975). The relationship between site condition and circulation of nutrients in forest ecosystem (iii) Above ground biomass and nutrient contents of stands. Journal of Japanese For. Soc. 57: 412-419. Katagiri*, S. and T. Tsutsumi (1976). The relationship between site condition and circulation of nutrients in forest ecosystem (iv) the amounts of mineral nutrient returned to forest floor. Journal of Japanese For. Soc. 58: 79-85. Kaul*, O. N. and V. K. Srivastava (1985). Energy Budgets In Slash Pine (Pinus Elliotti) Plantations at Dehra Dun. Indian Journal of Forestry 8(1): 1-5. Kawahara*, T. (1971). The return of nutrients with litter fall in the forest ecosystems (ii) The amount of organic matter and nutrients. Journal of Japanese For. Soc.(53). Kawahara*, T., G. Iwatsubo, et al. (1968). Movement of nutrients in a model stand of Camptotheca Acuminata Decne. Journal of Japanese For. Soc. 50: 125-134. Kawahara, T., Y. Kanazawa, et al. (1981). Biomass and net production of man-made forests in the Philippines. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society 63: 320-327. Kawanabe*, S. (1977). A subtropical broad-leaved forest at Yona, Okinawa. Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests, University of Tokyo Press, Japan. Kazimirov, H. N., A. D. Volkhov, et al. (1977). Exchange of elements and energy in pine forests of European North Leningrad. Leningrad, Navka Publishers. Keenan, R. J., C. E. Prescott, et al. (1993). Mass and nutrient content of woody debris and forest floor in western red cedar and western hemlock forests on northern Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 1052-1059. Kendrick, W. B. (1959). The time factor in the decomposition of coniferous leaf litter. Canadian Journal of Botany 37: 907-912. Kestemont*, P., P. Duvigneaud, et al. (1977). Biomasse et productivit primaire d'une pessire Mirwart plantation de Picea abies. Productivit Biologique en Belgique , SCOPE. Tracaux de la Section belge du Programme Biologique. International Duculot-Gembloux, Belgium. P. Duvigneaud and P. Kestemont: 161- 176. Keyes*, M. R. and C. C. Grier (1981). Below- and aboveground biomass and net production in two contrasting Douglas-fir stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 599-605. Khiewtam, R. S. and P. S. Ramakrishnan (1993). Litter and fine root dynamics of a relict sacred grove forest at Cherrapunji in north-eastern India. Forest Ecology and Management 60: 327-344. Killingbeck, K. T., Wali, M.K. (1978). Analysis of a North Dakota gallery forest: nutrient, trace element and productivity relations. OIKOS 30: 29-60. Kimmins*, J. P. and B. C. Hawkes (1978). Distribution and chemistry of fine roots in a white spruce-subalpine fir stand in British Columbia: Implications for management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8: 265-279. Kimura, M. (1963). Dynamics of vegetation in relation to soil development in northern Yatsugatake mountains. Japan Journal of Botany 18: 255-287. Kinerson*, R. S., C. W. Ralston, et al. (1977). Carbon cycling in a loblolly pine plantation. Oecologia 29: 1-10. Kira*, T., H. Ogawa, et al. (1964). Primary production by a tropical rainforest of southern Thailand. Botanical Magazine Tokyo 77: 428-429. Kira*, T., Ogawa, H., Yoda, K., Ogino, K. Comparative ecological studies on three main types of forest vegetation in Thailand. IV. Dry matter production, with special reference to the Khao Chong rain forest.: 149-174. Kira, T. (1977). Forest Vegetation of Japan. JIBP Synthesis: Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests. T. Shidei and T. Kira. Tokyo, U. of Tokyo Press. 16: Ch. 1.1. Kira, T. (1978). Community architecture and organic matter dynamics in tropical lowland rain forests of Southeast Asia with special reference to Pasoh forest, West Malaysia. Kirita, H. (1971). Studies of soil respiration in warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forests of Southwestern Japan. Jap. J. Ecol. 21: 230-244. Kittredge, J. (1934). Evidence of the rate of forest succession on Star Island, Minnesota. Ecology 15: 24-35. Kittredge, J. (1939). The annual accumulation and creep of litter and other surface materials in the chaparral of the San Gabriel mountains, California. Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 537-541. Kittredge, J. (1940). A comparison of forest floors from plantations of the same age and environment. J. For. 38: 729-731. Kittredge, J. (1955). Litter and forest floor of the chaparral in parts of the San Dimas Experimental Forest, California. Hilgardia 23: 563-596. Kittredge, J. (1955). Some characteristics of forest floors from a variety of forest types in California. Journal of Forestry 53: 645-647. Klemmedson, J. O. and B. J. Wienhold (1992). Aspect and species influences on nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in Arizona chaparral soil-plant systems. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 6: 105-116. Klemmedson, J. O., C. E. Meier, et al. (1990). Litter fall transfers of dry matter and nutrients in ponderosa pine stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 1105-1115. Klimo, E. and B. Grunda (1989). Effect of clear felling on the condition of surface humus in forest soils. EkolÛgia (CSSR) 8(2): 203-210. Klinge, H. (1973). Biomasa y materia orgnica del suelo en el egosistema de la pluviselva centro-amaznica. Acta Cient. Venez. 24: 174-181. Klinge, H. (1973). Root mass estimation in lowland tropical rain forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. I. Fine root masses of a pale yellow latosol and a giant humus podzol. Tropical Ecology 14: 29-38. Klinge, H. (1975). Root mass estimation in lowland tropical rainforests of central Amazonia, Brazil. III. Nutrients in fine roots from giant humus podsols. Tropical Ecology 16: 28-38. Klinge, H. (1976). Root mass estimation in lowland tropical rain forests of central Amazonian, Brazil. IV. Nutrients in fine roots from Latosols. Tropical Ecology 17: 79-88. Klinge, H. (1977). Fine litter production and nutrient return to the soil in three natural forest stands of eastern Amazonia. Geol. Ecol. Trop. 1: 159-167. Klinge, H. (1978). Litter production in tropical ecosystems. Malaysian Nature Journal 30: 415-422. Klinge, H. and R. Herrera (1978). Biomass studies in Amazon Caatinga forest in southern Venezuela. I. Standing crop of composite root mass in selected stands. Tropical Ecology 19: 93-110. Klinge, H. and W. A. Rodrigues (1968). Litter production in an area of Amazonian terra firme forest. Part II. Mineral content of the litter. Amazoniana 1: 303-310. Klinge, H. and W. A. Rodrigues (1968). Litter production in an area of Amazonian terra firme forest. Part I. Litter- fall, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of litter. Amazoniana 1: 287-302. Klinge, H., W. A. Rodrigues, et al. (1975). Biomass and structure in a central Amazonian rainforest, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Knockaert, C. (1981). Production de litiere dans quatre plantations d'Eucalyptus camaldulensis et dans un pueplement naturel de Quercus suber. Ann. De la Rec. For. Maroc. Rabat. 21: 351-373. Knudsen, F. and H. Mauritz-Hansson (1939). Om produktionen av l–vfr–na och dennas sammans”ttning i ett mellansvenskt bj–rkbestand. Svenska SkogsvFren Tidskr. 37: 339-347. Koopmans*, T. T. and J. P. Andriesse (1982). Baseline study monitoring project of nutrient cycling in shifting cultivation Vanathavillu, Shri Lanka, Semomgok (Sarawak), Malasia, Koninklijk Instituut Voor De Tropen, Amsterdam. Kouki, J. and T. Hokkanen (1992). Long-term needle litterfall of a Scots pine Pinus sylvestris stand: relation to temperature factors. Oecologia 89: 176-181. Krutzsch*, H. (1869). Untersuchungen ber die Waldstreu. Tarandt. forstl. Jb. 19: 193-227. Kumar, B. M. and J. K. Deepu (1992). Litter production and decomposition dynamics in moist deciduous forests of the Western Ghats in Peninsular India. Forest Ecology and Management 50: 181-201. Kunkel-Westphal*, I. and P. Kunkel. (1979). Litter fall in a Guatemalan primary forest, with details of leaf-shedding by some common tree species. Journal of Ecology 67: 665-686. Kyuma*, K. and C. Pairintra (1983). Shifting Cultivation: An experiment at NamPhrom, Northeast Thailand, and its implications for Upland farming in the monsoon tropics. Lam*, P., Dudgeon, D. (1985). Seasonal effects on litterfall in a Hong Kong mixed forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1: 55-64. Lamb, D. and R. G. Florence (1975). Influence of soil type on the nitrogen and phosphorus content of radiata pine litter. New Zealand. Journal Forest Science 5: 143-151. Lambert, J. D. H., J. T. Arnason, et al. (1980). Leaf-litter and changing nutrient levels in a seasonally dry tropical hardwood old forest, Belize. C. A. Plant and Soil 55: 429-443. Lamotte*, M. (1975). The structure and function of a tropical savanna Ecosystem. Lane, C. L. (1975). Forest stand conversion from hardwoods to pines: Effects on soil nutrients, microorganisms and forest floor weight during the first seven years. Forest Science 21: 155-159. Lang, G. E. (1973). Litter accumulation through ecosystem development, Rutgers University, New Brunswick. Lang, G. E. and K. A. Orndorff (1982). Surface litter, soil organic matter, and the chemistry of mineral soil and foliar tissue: Landscape patterns in forests located on mountainous terrain in West Virginia. Proceedings Fourth Central Hardwood Forest Conference, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Lang, G. E., Forman, R.T.T. (1978). Detrital dynamics in a mature oak forest: Hutcheson memorial forest, New Jersey. Ecology 59: 580-595. Larcher, W., A. Cernusca, et al. (1975). Mt. Patscherkofel, Austria. Ecol. Bull. 20: 125-139. Laspeyres* (1898). Der Einfluss der Streuntzung auf den Holzwuchs in den Kiefernbestnden des nordstduetschen Flachlendes. Z. Forst-u. Jagdw. 30: 521-537. Laudelout*, H. and J. Meyer (1954). II. 3 Les cycles d'lments minraux et de matire organique on fort quatoriale congolaise. International Congress of Soil Science, Transactions, 5th VII: 267-272. Lawson*, G. W., K. O. Armstrong-Mensah, et al. (1970). A catena in tropical moist deciduous forest near Kade, Ghana. Journal of Ecology 58: 371-398. Lee*, K. E. and R. L. Correll (1978). Litterfall and its relationship to nutrient cycling in a South Australian dry sclerophyll forest. Aust. J. Ecol. 3: 243-252. LeHouerou*, H.-N. (1972). An assessment of the primary production of the primary and secondary production of the arid grazing systems of North Africa.. Leigh*, E. G. (1975). Structure and climate in tropical rain forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6: 67-86. Leigh, E. G. and N. Symthe (1978). Leaf production, leaf consumption and the regulation of folivory on Barro Colorado Island, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A. Levina*, V. I. (1960). (cited in For. Abstr. 21:532 1960. Determination of the amount of annual litter fall in two types of pine forest on the Kola Peninsula). Bot. Zh. 45: 418-423. Lim, M. T. (1978). Litterfall and mineral nutrient content of litter in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Malaysian Nature Journal 30: 375-380. Lim, M. T., Furtado, J.I., Morley, R.J. (1982). Locality and Physiography. In Tasek Bera Monograhiac Biol. M. Furtado J.I., S., W. Junk, The Hague 1982. 47: 7, 46-47. Lindberg, S. and H. Norming (1943). Om produktionen av barrf–rna och dennas sammans”ttning i ett granbestand invid Stockholm. Svenska SkogsvFren Tidskr. 41: 353-360. Lindquist, B. (1938). Dalby S–derskog, en skansk l–vskog i fornitid och nutid. Acta Phytogoegr. Suec. 10: 1-273. Litcinova*, N. P. Productivity of high mountain deserts (Pamirs).. Liu, W. Y., G. F. Jing, et al. (1990). Nutrient dynamics in the litter-fall and forest of evergreen broad-leaved forest and Pinus yunnanensis forest in central Yuannan. Acta Botanica Sinica 32(8): 637-646. Liu, Y. and R. N. Muller (1993). Above-ground net primary productivity and nitrogen mineralization in mixed mesophytic forest eastern Kentucky. Forest Ecology and Management 59: 53-62. Lockably, B. G. and J. E. Taylot-Boyd (1986). Nutrient dynamics in the litterfall and forest floor of an 18-year- old loblolly pine plantation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 1109-1112. Long*, J. N. (1982). Productivity of western coniferous forests, U.S./IBP Synthesis Series 14. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Lossaint*, P. (1867). Štude integree des facteurs ecologiques de la productivite au niveau de la pedosphere en region mediterranenne dans le cadre du P.B.I. programme et description des stations. Oecologia Plantarum 2: 341-366. Lousier*, J. D. and D. Parkinson (1976). Litter decomposition in a cool temperate deciduous forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 54: 419-436. Lousier, J. D. and D. Parkinson (1979). Organic matter and chemical element dynamics in an aspen woodland soil. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9: 449-463. Low, A. B. and B. B. Lamont (1990). Aerial and below-ground phytomass of Banksia scrub-heath at Eneabba, south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 38: 351-359. Lugo, A. E., E. Cuevas, et al. (1990). Nutrients and mass in litter and top soil of ten tropical tree plantations. Plant and Soil 125: 263-280. Lugo, A. E., G. Cintron, et al. (1983). Mangrove ecosystems under stress, John Wiley, New York, U.S.A. Lugo, A. E., J. A. Gonzalez-Liboy, et al. (1978). Structure, productivity, and transpiration of a subtropical dry forest in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 10: 278-291. Lugo, A. E., J. F. Gamble, et al. (1978). Organic matter budget in a mixed hardwood forest in North-Central Florida. Symposium Series 45 (CONF-760429)., Environmental Chemistry and Cycling Processes DOE. Lugo, A. E., Murphy, P.G. (1986). Nutrient dynamics of a Puerto Rican subtropical dry forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 2: 55-72. Luizao, F. J. and O. R. Schubart (1987). Litter production and decomposition in a terra-firme forest of Central Amazonia. Experientia 43: 259-265. Lundgren, B. (1978). Soil conditions and nutrient cycling under natural and plantation forests in Tanzanian highlands. Reports in Forest Ecology and Forest Soils 31: 1-396. Lunt, H. A. (1951). Liming and twenty years of litter raking and burning under red (and white) pine. Proc. Soil. Sci. Amer. 15: 381-390. Lopez-Portillo, J. and E. Ezcurra (1985). Litter fall of Avicennia germinans L. in a one year cycle in a mudflat at the Laguna de Mecoacn, Tobasco, Mexico. Biotropica 17: 186-190. Luvall, J. C. and G. T. Weaver (1986). Organic matter and nutrient content of the forest floor of oak-hickory forests in southwestern Illinois, Department of Forestry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. MacLean, D. A. and R. W. Wein (1976). Biomass of jack pine and mixed hardwood stands in northeastern New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 6: 441-447. MacLean, D. A. and R. W. Wein (1978). Litter production and forest floor nutrient dynamics in pine and hardwood stands of New Brunswick, Canada. Holarctic Ecology 1: 1-15. Madge, D. S. (1965). Leaf fall and litter disappearance in a tropical forest. Pedobiologia 5: 273-288. Maggs, J. and B. Hewett (1990). Soil and litter respiration in rain forests of contrasting nutrient status and physiognomic structure near Lake Eacham, north-east Queensland. Australian Journal of Ecology 15: 329-336. Mahendrappa*, M. K. and E. D. Odgen (1973). Effect of fertilization of a black spruce stand on nitrogen content of stemflow, throughfall, and litterfall. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3: 54-60. Mahendrappa, M. K. (1978). Changes in the organic layers under a black spruce stand fertilized with urea and triple superphosphate. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8: 237-242. Maheut*, J. and Y. R. Dommergues (1960). Les teckeraies de Casamance: Capacit de Production des peuplements charactristiques biologiques et maintien du potential productif des sols. Bois et Forts des Tropiques 70: 25-42. Mailly, D. and A. Margolis (1992). Forest floor and mineral soil development in Casuarina equisetifolia plantations on the coastal sand dunes of Senegal. Forest Ecology and Management 55: 259-278. Malaisse, F., R. Freson, et al. (1975). Litter fall and litter brekdown in Miombo. Tropical Ecological Systems. F. B. Golley and E. Medina, Springer-Verlag, New York: 137-152. Malaisse, J. Alexandre, et al. (1975). The Miombo Ecosystem: A preliminary study. Athens, Univ. Georgia Press. Malhotra, P. P., V. N. Tandon, et al. (1987). Distribution of nutrients and their return through litter fall in an age series of Pinus patula , SCHL, and CHAM. plantations in Nilgiris. Indian forester 113(5): 323-332. Marchenko*, A. I. (1967). Peculiarities of biogeochemical processes in spruce forests and filled areas. Symposium on Primary Productivity and Mineral Cycling in Natural Ecosystems, 13th Annual Meeting, New York City, Ecological Society of America/American Association for the Advancement of Science. Marrs*, R. H., J. E. Lowday, et al. (1992). Control of bracken and the restoration of heathland. IV. Effects of bracken control and heathland restoration treatments on nutrient distribution and soil chemistry. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 218-225. Martinez*, E. and A. D. Dalmasso (1992). Litter yield in shrubs of larrea in the andean piedmont of Mendoza, Argentina. Vegetatio 101: 21-33. MartÏnez-YrÏzar, A. and J. Sarukhýn (1990). Litterfall patterns in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico over a five-year period. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6: 433-444. Mazzarino, M. J., L. Oliva, et al. (1991). Factors affecting nitrogen dynamics in a semiarid woodland (Dry Chaco, Argentina). Plant and Soil 138: 85-98. McClaugherty, C. A., J. D. Aber, et al. (1982). The role of fine roots in the organic matter and nitrogen budgets of two forested ecosystems. Ecology 63: 1481-1490. McColl, J. G. (1966). Accession and decomposition of litter in spotted gum forests. Aust. For. 30: 191-198. McFee, W. W. and E. L. Stone (1965). Quantity, distribution, and variability of organic matter and nutrients in a forest podzol in New York. Soil Science Society America Proceedings. McGinty*, D. T. (1976). Comparative root and soil dynamics on a white pine watershed and in the hardwood forest in the Coweeta Basin, University of Georgia, Athens. McInnes, P. F. (1992). Effects of moose browsing on vegetation and litter of the boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, USA. Ecology 73(6): 2059-2075. Meakins*, J. (1966). The effect of understory species on soil properties under mountain eucalypts, Australian National University. Medina, E. and M. Zelwer. (1972). Soil respiration in tropical plant communities. Tropical Ecology with an Emphasis on Organic Production. P. M. Golley and F. B. Golley, Indian National Science Academy New Delhi, India: 245-267. Melkenen, E. (1975). Annual primary production and nutrient cycle in some scots pine stands. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 84: 1-87. Melkenen, E. (1977). Annual primary production and nutrient cycle in a birch stand. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 91: 1-35. Menaut*, J. C. (1974). Chute des feuilles et apport au sol de litire par les ligneux dans une savane presforestire de Cte d'Ivoire. Bulletin d'Ecologie 5: 27-39. Mengzhao, T., Y. Wenhua, et al. (1993). Characteristics of litter in evergreen broad-leaved forest of the Dinghu mountain. Acta Pedologica Sinica 30(1): 33-41. Metz*, L. J. (1954). Forest floor in the Piedmont region of South Carolina. Soil Science Society America Proceedings 18: 335-338. Metz, L. J. (1952). Weight and nitrogen and calcium content of the annual litterfall of forests in the South Carolina Piedmont. Soil Science Society America Proceedings. Meyer*, F. H. and D. Gttsche (1971). Distribution of root tips and tender roots of beech. Ecological Studies, Analysis and Synthesis Vol 2. H. Ellenberg, Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 48- 52. Miller*, H. G. and J. D. Miller (1976). Effects of nitrogen supply on net primary production in Corsican pine. Journal of Applied Ecology 13: 249-256. Miller*, H. G., J. M. Cooper, et al. (1976). Effect of nitrogen supply on nutrients in litterfall and crown leaching in a stand of Corsican pine. Journal of Applied Ecology 13: 233-248. Miller*, H. G., J. M. Cooper, et al. (1979). Nutrient cycles in pine and their adaptation to poor soils. Canadian Journal Forest Research 9: 19-26. Miller*, R. B. (1963). Plant nutrients in hard beech. III. The cycle of nutrients. New Zealand Journal Science 6(388-413). Miller*, R. B. and F. B. Hurst (1957). The quantity and nutrient content of hard beech litter. N. Z. For. Res.: Notes 8. 14 pp. Minderman*, G. (1968). Addition, decomposition and accumulation of organic matter in forests. Journal of Ecology 56: 355-362. Misra*, R. (1972). A comparative study of net primary productivity of dry deciduous forest and grassland of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology with Emphasis on Organic Production. P. M. Golley and F. B. Golley, University of Georgia, Athens, U.S.A.: 279-293. Mitchell, B. A. (1960). Comparison and assessment of site fertility under various crops and after various uses. Sub-project No. 1, deposition of organic matter, Forest Research Institute, Malaya. Mitchell, M. G., N. W. Foster, et al. (1992). Nutrient cycling in Huntington Forest and Turkey Lakes deciduous stands: nitrogen and sulfur. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 457-464. Mitchell, M. J., M. K. Burke, et al. (1992). Seasonal and spatial patterns of S, Ca, and N dynamics of a Northern Hardwood forest ecosystem. Biogeochemistry 17: 165-189. Moir, W. H. (1972). Litter, foliage, branch, and stem production in contrasting lodgepole pine habitats of the Colorado front range. Proceedings, Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems, A Symposium, Bellingham, Washington, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service -USDA, Portland, Oregon. Montagnini, F., Ramstad, K., Sancho, F. (1993). Litterfall, litter decomposition and the use of mulch of four indigenous tree species in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. Agroforestry Systems 23: 29-61. Mooney, H. A., Kummerow, J., Johnson, A.W., Parsons, D.J., Keeley, S., Hoffman, A., Hays, R.I., Giliberto, J., Chu, C. (1977). Convergent Evolution in Chile and California. Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems, The Producers-Their Resources and Adaptive Responses, Dowden, Hutchingson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Moore, A. W., J. S. Russell, et al. (1966). Dry matter and nutrient content of a tropical semi-arid forest of Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. (Brigalow). Aust. J. Bot. 15: 11-24. Morellato, L. P. C. (1992). Nutrient cycling in two south-east Brazilian forests. I litterfall and litter standing crop. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 205-215. Mork, E. (1942). Om Strofallet i vare skoger. Medd. Norske Skogforsoksv. 8(297-365). Mosango, M. (1991). Contribution ý Letude botanique et biogeochimique de L'ecosysteme forlt en region Èquatoriale (Óle Kongolo, Zare). Belgian Journal of Botany 124: 167-194. Muller, C. M. (1944). Untersuchugen Ðber Laubmenge Stoffverlust und Stoffproduktion des Waldes. Det forslige Forrsogsvaesen. X. 17: 1-37. Muller*, C. M. (1945). Untersuchungen Ðber Laubmenge, Stoffverlust und Stoffproduktion des Waldes. Forstl. Forsoksv. Danm. 17: 287. Muller, D. and J. Nielsen (1965). Production brute pertes par respirations et production nette dans fort ombrophile tropicalw. Det Forstlige Forsogsvaesen i Danmark 29: 69-160. Murphy, P. G. and A. E. Lugo (1986). Structure and biomass of a tropical dry forest in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 18: 89-96. Nadkarni, N. M. and T. J. Matelson (1991). Fine litter dynamics within the tree canopy of a tropical cloud forest. Ecology 72(6): 2071-2082. Nadkarni, N. M. and T. J. Matelson (1992). Biomass and nutrient dynamics of fine litter of terrestrially rooted material in a neotropical montane forest, Costa Rica. Biotropica 24(2a): 113-120. Nakane, K. (1975). Dynamics of soil organic matter in different parts on a slope under evergreen oak forest. Japan Journal of Ecology 25: 206-216. Nakane, K. (1980). Comparative studies of cycling of soil organic carbon in three primeval moist forests. Japanese Journal of Ecology 30: 155-172. Nakane, K., H. Tsubota, et al. (1984). Cycling of soil carbon in a Japanese red pine forest. The Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 97: 39-60. Nechayeva*, N. T. (1970). Vegetation of Central Karakum and its Productivity. Axhkhabad: Ylym 171 pp. (in Russian). Neiff, J. J. and A. P. Neiff (1990). Litterfall, leaf decomposition and litter colonization of Tessaria integrifolia (compositae) in the Parana river floodplain. Hydrobiologia 203: 45-52. Nemeth, J. C. (1973). Dry matter production in young Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) and Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii engelm.) plantations. Ecological Monographs 43: 21-41. Nilsson, L. O. and K. Wiklund (1992). Influence of nutrient and water stress on Norway spruce production in south Sweden - the role of air pollutants. Plant and Soil 147: 251-265. Nishioka, M. and H. Kirita (1978). Litterfall. Biological Production in a Warm-Temperate Evergreen Oak Forest of Japan, JIBP synthesis Volume 18. T. Kira, V. Ono and T. Hosokawa, University of Tokyo Press. Nishira, M. (1983). Aspects of Japanese mangroves. Proceedings of the UNESCO Regional Seminar on Human Uses of Mangrove Environment and its Management Implications. BANSDOC, Dacca, Bangladesh. Norin, B. N., Ignatenko, I.V. (1975). Ary-Mas, USSR. Ecological Bulletin. T. Rosswall, Heal, O.W. Stockholm. 20: 183-191. Nwoboshi, L. C. (1980). Nitrogen cycling in a teak plantation ecosystem in Nigeria. Nitrogen Cycling in West African Ecosystems. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment-United Nations Environmental Program (SCOPE-UNEP) International Nitrogen Unit. T. Rosswall, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.: Pages 353-361. Nye, P. H. (1961). Organic matter and nutrient cycles under moist tropical forest. Plant and Soil 13: 333-346. O'Connell*, A. M. and P. M. A. Menge (1982). Litterfall and nutrient cycling in Karri (E. diversicolor) in relation to stand age. Aust. J. Ecol. 7: 49-62. O'Connell*, A. M., T. S. Grove, et al. (1978). Nutrients in the litter on jarrah forest soil. Aust. J. Ecol. 3: 253-260. O'Connell, A. M., T. S. Grove, et al. (1979). The effects of high intensity fire on nutrient cycling in jarrah forest. Aust. J. Ecol. 4: 331-337. Odum*, H. T. (1970). Summary: an emerging view of the ecological system at El Verde. A Tropical Rain Forest. H. T. Odum and R. F. Pigeon, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA: I-191-I-289. Ogawa*, H., K. Yoda, et al. (1961). A preliminary survey of the vegetation of Thailand. Nature and Life in South East Asia 1: 21-157. Ogawa, H. (1978). Litterfall and mineral nutrient content of litter in Pasoh Forest. Malayan Nature Journal 30: 367-373. Ohmasa*, M. and K. Mori (1937). The amount of fall and decomposition of the leaf litter of the forest trees of Japan. Bull. For. Exp. Sta. Tokyo-Fu 3: 39-101. Ojima, D. S., D. S. Schimel, et al. (1994). Long- and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie. Biogeochemistry 24: 67-84. Ola-Adams, B. A. and J. K. Egunjobi (1992). Effects of spacing on litterfall and nutrient contents in stands of Tectona grandis Linn. f. and Terminalia superba Engl. Diels. African Journal of Ecology 30: 18-32. Ong*, J. E., W. K. Gong, et al. (1980). Ecological Survey of the Sungei Merbok Esyuarine Mangrove System. P. School of Biological Sciences. Universiti Sains Malasia, Malaysia. Ong*, J. E., W. K. Gong, et al. (1981). Productivity of a managed mangrove forest in West Malaysia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Trends in Applied Biology in South East Asia, Universiti Sains Malasia, Penang, Malaysia. Orndorff, K. A. and G. E. Lang (1981). Leaf litter redistribution in a West Virginia hardwood forest. Journal of Ecology 69: 225-235. Orshan*, G. and S. Diskin (1968). Seasonal changes in productivity under desert conditions. Functioning of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Proc. UNESCO Symp. Copenhagen. Ostbye, E. e., Berg, A., Blehr, O., Espeland, M., Gaare, E., Hagen, A.,, O. Hesjedal, Hagvar, S., Kjelvik, S., Lien, L., Mysterud, I., Sandhaug, A.,, et al. (1975). Hardangervidda, Norway. Structure and Function of Tundra Ecosystems. T. H. Rosswall, OW., Ostbye, E.(ed.). 20: 225-264. Othman, S. (1989). The rate of litter production in Mangrove Forest at Siar Beach, Lundu, Sarawak. Pertanika 12(1): 47-51. Ovington, J. D. and M. H.A.I. (1959). Distribution of organic matter and plant nutrients in a plantation of Scots Pine. Journal of Forest Science 5: 344-355. Owen*, T. H. (1954). Observations on the monthly litter-fall and nutrient content of Sitka spruce litter. Forestry 27: 7- 15. Pandey, H. N., J. P. Gaur, et al. (1980). Litter input and decomposition in tropical dry deciduous forest, grassland and abandoned crop fields as Varanasi, India. Acta Oecologia Plantarum 1: 317-232. Pandit, B. R., S. V. S. Subrahmanyam, et al. (1993). Leaf litter production of the dry deciduous forest ecosystem of eastern Gir (Gujarat). Indian forester 119(5): 375-380. Pape, T., N. Van Breemen, et al. (1989). Calcium cycling in an oak-birch woodland on soils of varying CaCO3 content. Plant and Soil 120: 253-261. Park*, G. N. (1975). Variation in nutrient dynamics and secondary ecosystem development in subalpine eucalypt forests and woodlands, Australian National University, ACT. Pearson*, L. C. (1965). Primary production in grazed and ungrazed desert communities of eastern Idaho. Ecology 46: 278-285. Pearson*, L. C. (1966). Primary productivity in a northern desert area. Oikos 15: 211-228. Peet, G. B. (1971). Litter accumulation in Jarrah and Karri forests. Aust. For. 35: 258-262. Perala*, D. A. and D. H. Alban (1982). Biomass, nutrient distribution, and litterfall in Populus, Pinus, and Picea stands on two different soils in Minnesota. (pole sized plantations). Plant and Soil 64: 177-192. Perina*, V. and E. Vintrova (1958). The effect of fallen pine- needles on the humus conditions of the pinewoods on the Pleistocene sands. Sborn. csl. Akad. zemed. (Lesn.) 4: 673-688. Persson*, H. (1980). Death and replacement of fine roots in mature Scots pine stand. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 32: 251-260. Persson*, H. (1980). Spatial distribution of fine-root growth, mortality and decomposition in a young Scots pine stand in central Sweden. Oikos 34: 77-87. Persson*, H. (1981). Death and replacement of fine roots in forest ecosystems - a neglected area of research, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. Persson, S., N. Malmer, et al. (1987). Leaf litter fall and soil acidity during half a century of secondary succession in a temperate deciduous forest. Vegetatio 73: 31-45. Peterson, D. L., Rolfe, G.L. (1982). Nutrient dynamics and decomposition of litterfall in floddplain and upland forests of central Illinois. Forest Science 28: 667-681. Plowman, K. P. (1979). Litter and soil fauna of two Australian subtropical forests. Aust. J. Ecol. 4: 87-104. Plowman, K. P. (1981). Distribution of Cryptostigmata and Mesostigmata (Acari) within the litter and soil layers of two subtropical forests. Aust. J. Ecol. 6: 365-374. Pokhriyal, T. C. (1988). Mobilization and recycling of nitrogen contents of Shorea robusta follage. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology XXXI(2): 158-162. Pokhrriyal, T. C. (1988). Mobilization and recycling of nitrogen contents in Shorea Robusta Follage. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 31: 158-162. Polglase, P. J. and P. M. Attiwill (1992). Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Plant and Soil 142: 157-166. Pool*, D. J., A. E. Lugo, et al. (1975). Litter production in mangrove forests of Southern Florida and Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Mangroves, University of Florida, Gainsville, U.S.A. Prachiayo*, B., P. Sahunalu, et al. (1980). Litter production in dry evergreen forest above Namphrom Dam, Chaiyaphoom Province, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bancock, Thailand. Pregitzer, K. S. and A. J. Burton (1991). Sugar maple seed production and nitrogen in litterfall. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1148-1153. Prescott, C. E., B. R. Taylor, et al. (1993). Nutrient release from decomposing litter in Rocky Mountain coniferous forests: influence of nutrient availability. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 1576-1586. Prescott, C. E., J. P. Corbin, et al. (1989). Input, accumulation, and residence times of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in four Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 489-498. Pressland*, A. J. (1982). Litter production and decomposition from an overstory of Eucalyptus spp. on two catchments in the New England region of New South Wales. Aus. J. Ecol. 7: 171-180. Proctor*, J. (1983). Tropical forest litterfall I. Problems of data comparison. Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford: pp. 267-273. Proctor*, J., J. M. Anderson, et al. (1983). Comparative studies on soils and litterfall in forests at a range of altitudes on Gunung Mulu, Sarawak. Malaysian Forester 46: 60-76. Proctor, J., C. Phillipps, et al. (1989). Ecological studies on Gunung Silam, a small ultrabasic mountain in Sabah, Malaysia. II. Some forest processes. Journal of Ecology 77: 317-331. Proctor, J., J. M. Anderson, et al. (1983). Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forests in Gunung Mulu Park, Sarawak. II. Litterfall, litter standing crop, and preliminary observations on herbivory. Journal of Ecology 71: 261-283. Puig*, H. (1980). Production de litire en fort guyanaise: rsultats proliminaires. Bullitin Societe Histore Naturelle Toulouse 115: 338-346. Pysek, P. (1991). Biomass production and size structure of Calamagrostis villosa populations in different habitats. Preslia, Praha 63: 9-20. Qualls, R. G. and B. L. Haines (1991). Fluxes of dissolved organic nutrients and humic substances in a deciduous forest. Ecology 72(1): 254-266. Quesnel*, H. J. and L. M. Laukulich (1981). Comparison of the chemical properties of forest floors decaying wood and fine roots in three ecosystems on Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 215-217. Rai*, S. N. (1981). Productivity of Tropical Rain Forests of Karnataka, University of Bombay. Rai, S. N. and J. Proctor (1986). Ecological studies on four rainforests in Karnataka, India. I. Litterfall. Journal of Ecology 74: 455-463. Rai, S. N. and J. Proctor (1986). Ecological studies on four rainforests in Karnataka, India. I. Environment, structure, floristics and biomass. Journal of Ecology 74: 439-454. Raich, J. W. (1983). Effects of forest conversion on the carbon budget of a tropical soil. Biotropica 15: 177-184. Rajwar, G. S. and V. C. Ramola (1990). Variation in net primary production of east and west facing slope montane grasslands of Uttarkashi, Garhwal Himalaya. Indian Forester 116(9): 717-722. Ranawat, M. P. S. and L. N. Vyas (1975). Litter production in deciduous forests of Koriyat, Udaipur (South Rajasthan), India. Biologia (Bratislava) 30: 41-47. Rapp, M. (1969). Production de litire et apport au sol d'lments mineraux dans duex cosystmes mditerranens: la fort de Quercus ilex L. et la Garrigue de Quercus coccifera L. Oecol. Plant. 4: 377-410. Rapp, M. (1974). Le cycle biogochimique dans bois de pins d'Alep. cologie Forestire Gunthier-Villars, Paris. P. Pesson: 75-97. Rapp, M. (1984). Rpartition et flux de matire organique dans un cosystme Pinus pinea. L. Ann. Sci. For. 41: 253-272. Rapp, M., Lossaint, P. (1981). Some aspects of mineral cycling in the garrigue of southern France. Ecosystems of the world 11-Mediterranean-type shrublands. F. di Castri, Goodall, D.W., Specht, R.L. Australia, France, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York 1981: ch. 16, 289-301. Rawat, Y. S. and J. S. Singh (1989). Forest floor biomass, litter fall and nutrient return in Central Himalayan oak forests. Vegetatio 82: 113-125. Reiners*, W. A. (1968). Carbon dioxide evolution from the floor of three Minnesota forests. Ecology 49: 471-483. Reiners, W. A. and N. M. Reiners (1970). Energy and nutrient dynamics of forest floors in three Minnesota forests. Journal of Ecology 58: 497-519. Remezov*, N. P. and L. N. Bykova (1953). (Cited in For. Abstr. 16:334-335, 1955. Uptake and cycle of nitrogen and ash elements in aspen stands.). Pochvovedenie 8: 28-4. Rencz*, A. N. and A. N. D. Auclair (1978). Biomass distribution in a subartic Picea mariana-Cladonia alpestris woodland. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 8: 168-176. Richards*, B. N. and J. L. Charley (1977). Carbon and nitrogen flux through native forest floors.. R–mbke, J. (1991). Estimates of the Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida) contribution to energy flow in the soil system of an acid beech wood forest. Biology and Fertility of Soils 11: 255-260. Robertson, A. I. and P. A. Daniel (1989). The influence of crabs on litter processing in high intertidal mangrove forests in tropical Australia. Oecologia 78: 191-198. Rochow*, J. J. (1974). Estimates of above-ground biomass and primary productivity in a Missouri forest. Journal of Ecology 62: 567-577. Rochow, J. J. (1974). Litterfall relations in a Missouri forest. Oikos 25: 80-85. Rochow, J. J. (1975). Mineral nutrient pool and cycling in a Missouri forest. Journal of Ecology 63(985-994). Rodin*, L. E. and N. I. Bazilevich (1967). Production and Mineral Cycling in Terrestrial Vegetation, Oliver and Boyd, London. Rodin*, L. E., Ed. (1972). Ecophysiological Foundation of Ecosystem Productivity in Arid Zones. Leningrad: Nauka. Rodin*, L. E., N. I. Bazilevich, et al. Productivity and biogeochemistry of Artimesietea in the Medditerranean area. Rogers, R. W. and W. E. Westman (1977). Seasonal nutrient dynamics of litter in a subtropical Eucalypt forest, North Stadbroke Island. Australian Journal of Botany 25: 47-58. Ross*, M. A. and C. Lendon (1973). Productivity of Eragrostis eriopoda in a mulga community. Trop. Grassl. (in press). Ross, M. S., J. J. O'Brien, et al. (1992). Ecological site classification of Florida keys terrestrial habitats. Biotropica 24: 488-502. Rout, S. K. and S. R. Gupta (1989). Soil respiration in relation to abiotic factors, forest floor litter, root biomass and litter quality in forest ecosystems of Siwaliks in northern India. Acta OEcologica 10(3): 229-244. Rozanov*, B. G. and I. M. Rozanova (1964). The biological cycle of nutrients of bamboo in the tropical forests of Burma. Botanischeskii Zhurnal 49: 348-357. Safford*, L. O. (1974). Effect of fertilization on biomass and nutrient content of fine roots in a beech-birch-maple stand. Plant and Soil 40: 349-363. Safford*, L. O. and S. Bell (1972). Biomass of fine roots in a white spruce plantation. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 2: 169-172. Sahunalu*, P., B. Puriyakorn, et al. (1980). Degradation of soil quality caused by deforestation as Sakaerat, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. Saifullah, S. M., A. K. Khafaji, et al. (1989). Litter Production in a Mangrove Stand of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea Coast. Aquatic Botany 36: 79-86. Saito*, H. (1977). Production processes. JIBP Synthesis: Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests. T. Shidei and T. Kira. Tokyo, U. of Tokyo Press. 16: Ch. 4.1. Salas, G., de las, F–lster, H. (1976). Bioelement loss on clearing a tropical rain forest. Turrialba 26: 179-186. Salonius* (1977). Can. For. Serv. Inf. Rep. M-X-77. Santantonio*, D. (1974). Root biomass studies of old-growth Douglas-fir, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Santantonio, D. (1982). Production and turnover of fine roots of mature Douglas-fir in relation to site, Corvallis, Oregon. Sato, O. (1982). Decomposition of plants, W. Junk, The Hague. Schiffman, P. M., Johnson, W.C. (1989). Phytomass and detrital carbon storage during forest regrowth in the southeastern United States Piedmont. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 69-78. Scott, D. A., J. Proctor, et al. (1992). Ecological studies on a lowland evergreen rain forest on Marac· Island, Roraima, Brazil. II. Litter and nutrient cycling. Journal of Ecology 80: 705-717. Scott, D. R. M. (1955). Amount and chemical composition of the organic matter contributed by the overstory and understory vegetation to forest soil. Yale Sch. For. Bull. 62: 73. Sell*, M. G., Jr. (1977). Modeling the Response of Mangrove Ecosystems to Herbicide Spraying, Hurricanes, Nutrient Enrichment and Economic Development, University of Florida, Ganesville. Sharma, D. C., P. L. Taneja, et al. (1988). Biomass, Productivity and Nutrient Cycling in a Dalberfia sissoo Plantation. Indian Forester 114(5): 261-268. Sharma, S. C. and P. K. Pande (1989). Patterns of litter nutrient concentration in some plantation ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 29: 151-163. Sharma, V. K. (1981). Chakia forest, Varanasi, India. Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. International Biological Program 23, Cambridge University Press, London, U.K. Shidei*, T. and T. Kira, Eds. (1977). Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests - Productivity of Terrestrial Communities, JIBP Synthesis University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. Shidei*, T. and T. Tsutsumi (1962). On some relations between the climate and the organic matter accumulation in forest soil and its decomposition rate. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society 44: 297-303. Shin*, J. H. and D. K. Lee (1990). Growth phenology of various tree modules in Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. plantation. Journal of Korean For. Soc. 79(4): 431-434. Sims, I. H. (1932). Litter deposition and accumulation in the pine-oak type of the Southern Appalachians. Journal of Forestry 90-91. Singh*, R. P. (1975). Biomass, nutrient and productivity structure of a stand of dry deciduous forest of Varanasi. Tropical Ecology 16: 104-109. Singh, B., K. G. Prasad, et al. (1988). Effects of removal of pine (Pinus roxburghii) needles from the Chir forest Pine floor -- a preliminary report. Indian forester 114(11): 761-769. Singh, J. and P. S. Ramakrishnan (1982). Structure and function of a sub-tropical humid forest of Meghalaya II. Litter dynamics and nutrient cycling. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science (Plant Science) 91: 255-268. Singh, K. P. (1968). Litter production and nutrient turnover in deciduous forests of Varanasi. Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Advances in Tropical Ecology, International Society for Tropical Ecology, Varanasi, India. Singh, K. P. and R. Misra (1978). Structure and functioning of natural, modified and silvicultural ecosystems of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Banaras Hundu University, Varanasi, India. Singh, L. and J. S. Singh (1991). Species structure, dry matter dynamics and carbon flux of a dry tropical forest in India. Annals of Botany 68: 263-273. Singh, L. and J. S. Singh (1991). Storage and flux of nutrients in a dry tropical forest in India. Annals of Botany 68: 275-284. Singh, O., D. C. Sharma, et al. (1993). Production and decomposition of leaf litter in Sal, Teak, Eucalyptus and poplar forests in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Forester` 119(2): 112-121. Singh, V. P., A. Garge, et al. (1987). Pattern and process in mangrove forests of the Andaman Islands. Vegetatio 71: 185-188. Singh, V. P., L. P. Mall, et al. (1990). Human impact assessment on mangrove forests of Andaman Islands. Indian Forester 116(2): 131-139. Singii, V., S. Diiagat, et al. (1987). Litter fall and natural regeneration of Spruce and Silver Fir. Indian Forester 113(9): 616-621. Sj–rs, H. (1954). Slatterangar i Grang”de Finnmark. Acta Phytogeogr. Suecc 34: 1-135. Smith*, M. K. (1974). Throughfall, stem flow and interception in pine and eucalypt forest. Aust. For. 36: 190-197. Smith, R. I., Walton, D.W.H. (1975). South Georgia, Subantarctic. Ecological Bulletin "Structure and Function of Tundra Ecosystems. (eds.) Rosswall, T. & Heal, O.W. 20: 399-423. Smock, L. A. (1990). Spatial and temporal variation in organic matter storage in low-gradient, headwater streams. Arch. Hydrobiologia 118(2): 169-184. Snedaker*, S. C. and M. S. Brown (1981). Water Quality and Mangrove Ecosystem Dynamics. Gulf Breeze, Florida, U.S.A. Sobrado*, M. and E. Medina (1980). General morphology, anatomical structure and nutrient content of sclerophylous leaves of the "bana" vegetation of Amazonas. Oecologia 45(341-345). Soepadmo, E. and T. Kira (1977). Contribution of the IBP-PT research project to the understanding of Malaysian forest ecology. A New Era in Malasian Forestry. C. B. Sastry, P. B. L. Srivastava and A. M. Ahmad, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selaner, Malaysia. Soils*, U. K. C. B. o. (1977). Forest Litter. Annotated Bibliography. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Sollins, P. (1982). Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12: 18-28. Sollins, P., C. C. Grier, et al. (1980). The internal element cycles of an old-growth Douglas-fir ecosystem in western Oregon. Ecological Monographs 50: 261-285. Songwe, N. C., F. E. Fasehun, et al. (1988). Litterfall and productivity in a tropical rain forest, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 4: 25-37. Sonn*, S. W. (1960). Der Einfluss des Waldes auf die Bden. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.: 166. Specht, R. L. (1966). The growth and distribution of Mallee-Broombush (Eucalyptus incrassata - Melaleuca uncinata association) and heath vegetation near Dark Island Soak, Ninety-Mile Plain, South Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 14: 361- 371. Specht, R. L. and Brouwer (1975). Seasonal shoot growth in Eucalyptus spp. in the Brisbane area of Queensland (with notes on shoot growth and litter fall in other areas of Australia). Australian Journal of Botany 23: 459-474. Specht, R. L., P. Rayson, et al. (1958). Dark Island heath (Ninety-Mile Plain, South Australia). VI. Pyric succession: changes in composition, coverage, dry weight and mineral nutrient status. Aust. J. Bot. 6: 59-88. Stark, N. (1971). Nutrient cycling II: nutrient distribution in Amazonian vegetation. Tropical Ecology 12: 177-201. Stark, N. and M. Spratt (1977). Root biomass and nutrient storage in rain forest oxisols near San Carlos de Roi Negro. Tropical Ecology 18: 1-9. Steinberger, Y. (1991). Litter fall and nitrogen reabsorption in Zygophyllum dumosum in the Negev Desert. Israel Journal of Botany 40: 33-39. Steinke*, T. D. and C. J. Ward (1988). Litter production by mangroves. II. St Lucia and Richards Bay. South African Journal of Botany 54(5): 445-454. Steinke*, T. D. and L. M. Charles (1983). Productivity and phenology of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Mgeni Estuary, South Africa. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium in Mangrove Biology and Management, Port Moresby., W. Junk, The Hague. Steinke, T. D. and C. J. Ward (1990). Litter production by mangroves. III. Wavecrest (Transkei) with predictions for other Transkei estuaries. South African Tydskr. Plantk. 56(5): 514-519. Stewart, B. A. and B. R. Davies (1990). Allochthonous input and retention in a small mountain stream, South Africa. Hydrobiologia 202: 135-146. Stoate*, T. N. (1958). Silvicultural and soils research. A. Karri Silviculture. Rep. For. Dep. W. Australia 25: 25. Strojan, C., F. B. Turner, et al. (1979). Litter fall from shrubs in the northern Mojave desert. Ecology 60(5): 891-900. Stump, L. M. and D. Binkley (1993). Relationshiups between litter quality and nitrogen availability in Rocky Mountain forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 492-502. Suckachev*, V. and N. Dylis (1964). Fundamentals of forest biogeocoenology, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, Scotland. Sukardjo, S. and I. Yamada (1992). Biomass and productivity of a Rhizophora mucronata Lamarck plantation in Tritih, Central Java, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management 49: 195-209. Sviridova*, L. K. (1960). (Trans. in Soviet Soil Sci. 1961, 401- 405. Role of improvement cuttings in raising forest soil fertility). Pochvovedenie 4: 68-73. Swaine, M. D., D. Lieberman, et al. (1990). Structure and dynamics of a tropical dry forest in Ghana. Vegetatio 88: 31-51. Sweetapple, P. J. and K. W. Fraser (1992). Litterfall from a mixed red beech (Nothofagus fusca)-silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii) forest, central North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 30: 263-269. Swift*, M. J., A. Russell-Smith, et al. (1981). Decomposition and mineral nutrient dynamics of plant litter in a regenerating bush-fallow in subhumid tropical Nigeria. Journal of Ecology 69: 981-995. Tanner*, E. V. J. (1977). Mineral cycling in montane rain forests in Jamaica, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England. Tanner, E. V. J. (1980). Litterfall in montane rain forests of Jamaica and its relation to climate. Journal of Ecology 68: 833-848. Tanner, E. V. J. (1981). The decomposition of leaf litter in Jamaican montane rain forests. Journal of Ecology 69: 263-275. Tappeiner, J. C. and A. A. Alm (1975). Undergrowth vegetation effects on the nutrient content of litterfall and soils in red pine and birch stands in northern Minnesota. Ecology 56: 1193-1200. Tarrant, R. F. and L. A. Isaac (1951). Observations on litter fall and foliage nutrient content of some pacific nothwest tree species. Journal of Forestry 49: 914-915. Taylor, B. R., C. E. Prescott, et al. (1991). Substrate control of litter decomposition in four Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 2242-2250. Teas*, H. J. (1974). Mangroves of Biscayne Bay. Thaiutsa*, B., W. Suwannapinunt, et al. (1978). Preliminary Study of Production and Chemical Composition of Forest Litter in Tahiland, Faculty of Forestry, Kaestart University, Bangkok, Thailand. Theodorou, C. and G. D. Bowen (1990). Effects of fertilizer on litterfall and N and P release from decomposing litter in a Pinus radiata plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 32: 87-102. Tietema, A. and J. M. Verstraten (1991). Nitrogen cycling in an acid forest ecosystem in the Netherlands under increased atmospheric nitrogen input. Biogeochemistry 15: 21-46. Tilman, D. (1993). Species richness of experimental productivity gradients: How important is colonization limitation? Ecology 74(8): 2179-2191. Titus, B. D. and D. C. Malcolm (1991). Nutrient changes in peaty gley soils after clearfelling of Sitka spruce stands. Forestry 64(3): 251-270. Toky, O. P. and V. singh (1993). Litter dynamics in short-rotation high density tree plantations in arid region of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45: 129-145. Trofymow, J. A., H. J. Barclay, et al. (1991). Annual rates and elemental concentrations of litter fall in thinned and fertilized Douglas-fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1601-1615. Tsai, L. M. (1978). Litterfall and mineral nutrient content of litter in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Malay. Nat. J. 30: 375-380. Tsutsumi*, T. (1971). Accumulation and circulation of nutrient elements in forest ecosystems. In: Productivity of Forest Ecosystems, Proceedings of the Brussels Symposium UNESCO, Paris. Tunstall*, B. R. (1973). Water relations of a brigalow community, University of Queensland. Turner, J. (1975). Nutrient cycling in a Douglas-fir ecosystem with respect to age and nutrient status, University of Washington, Seattle. Turner, J. (1981). Nutrient cycling in an age sequence of western Washington Douglas-fir stands. Annals of Botany 48: 159-169. Turner, J. and J. N. Long (1975). Accumulation of organic matter in a series of Douglas-fir stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5: 681-690. Turner, J. and M. J. Lambert (1983). Nutrient cycling within a 27-year-old Eucalyptus grandis plantation in New South Wales. Forest Ecology and Management 6: 155-168. Turner, J., M. J. Lambert, et al. (1992). Nutrient cycling in forested catchments in southeastern New South Wales. 1. biomass accumulation. Forest Ecology and Management 55: 135-148. Uhl, C. and J. B. Kauffman (1990). Deforestation, fire susceptibility, and potential tree responses to fire in the eastern Amazon. Ecology 71(2): 437-449. Ulrich*, B., P. Benecke, et al. (1981). Soil processes. Dynamic Processes of Forest Ecosystems. D. E. Reichle, Cambridge University Press, London: 265-339. Upadhyay, V. P. and J. S. Singh (1989). Nitrogen release pattern in decomposing oak and pine litter in Nainital Hills India. Indian Forester 115(5): 320-326. Upadhyaya*, S. C. (1955). Soil Formation in Relation to Plant Cover, University of Sagar, India. Updegraff, K. L., D. R. Zak, et al. (1990). The nitrogen budget of a hybrid poplar plantation in Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 1818-1822. Van Cleve*, K., L. Oliver, et al. (1983). Productivity and nutrient cycling in taiga forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13: 747-766. Van Cleve, K. and L. L. Noonan (1975). Litterfall and nutrient cycling in the forest floor of birch and aspen stands in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5: 626-639. Van Cleve, K., R. Barney, et al. (1981). Evidence of temperature control on production and nutrient cycling in two interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5: 626-639. Van Lear, D. H. and N. B. Goebel (1976). Leaf Fall and Forest Floor Characteristics in Loblolly Pine Plantations in the South Carolina Piedmont. Soil Science Society of America Journal 40: 116-119. Van Loon, A. P. (1969). Investigations into the effects of prescribed burning on young, even-aged blackbutt: 5-49. Van Loon, A. P. (1977). Bushland fuel quantities in the Blue Mountains - litter and understory: 3-23. Van Wesemael, B. and M. A. C. Veer (1992). Soil organic matter accumulation, litter decomposition and humus forms under mediterranean-type forests in southern Tuscany, Italy. Journal of Soil Science 43: 133-144. Vansereveren*, J.-P. (1977). Ecosystme Mirwart, Le Climatope, Duculot-Gembloux, Belgium. Veneklaas, E. J. (1991). Litterfall and nutrient fluxes in two montane tropical rain forests, Colombia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 7: 319-336. Venkataramanan, C. and S. Chinnamani (1978). A preliminary note on the return of nutrient by the leaf-litter of wet (montane) temperate evergreen Shola forests of Nilgiris. Indian Forester 104: 450-456. Viro, P. J. (1955.). Investigations on forest litter. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 65: 65. Vitousek, P. M. (1980). Report of the work group on tropical forests. Nitrogen Cycling in West African Ecosystems. T. Rosswall. Uppsala, Sweden, SCOPE/UNEP: 409-. Vitousek, P. M., J. R. Gosz, et al. (1982). A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 52: 155-177. Vogt*, K. A., C. C. Grier, et al. (1982). Mycorrhizal role in net primary production and nutrient cycling in Abies amabilis ecosystems in western Washington. Ecology 63: 370-380. Vogt, D. J. (1985). Forest floor and soil nitrogen dynamics of Douglas-fir ecosystems related to productivity and stand age, University of Washington, Seattle. Vogt, K. A., C. C. Grier, et al. (1983). Organic matter and nutrient dynamics in forest floors of young and mature Abies amabilis stands in western Washington, as affected by fine-root input. Ecological Monographs 53: 139-157. Vyskot, M. (1976). Tree story biomass in lowland forests in South Moravia. Roxpr. Cesk. Akad. Ved. Rada Mat. Prirod. Ved. 86: 1-166. Wallace, E. S. and B. Freedman (1985). Forest floor dynamics in a chronosequence of hardwood stands in central Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 293-302. Walter, H. (1936). Nahrstoffgehalt des Bodens und naturliche Waldestande. Ein betrag zur Frage der Klimaxgesellschaften. Silva 24: 201-208. Wanner, H. (1970). Soil respiration, litterfall and productivity of tropical forest. Journal of Ecology 58(543-547). Wanru, Z., X. Bentong, et al. (1990). Studies on structure and function of forest floors of mountain forest soils. Acta Pedologica Sinica 27(2): 120-130. Watson*, G. W. (1977). Metabolism of forest floors, University of New England. Weaver, P. L., E. Medina, et al. (1986). Ecological observations in the dwarf cloud forest of the Loquillo Mountains in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 18: 79-85. Webb, L. J., J. G. Tracey, et al. (1969). The pattern of mineral return in leaf litter of three subtropical Australian forests. Australian Forestry 33: 99-110. Webber, P. J. (1978). Spatial and temporal variation of the vegetation and its production, Barrow, Alaska. Vegetation and production ecology of an Alaskan Arctic tundra. L. L. Tieszen, Springer-Verlag, New York: 57-58. Webber, P. J., May, D.E. (1977). The magnitude and distribution of belowground plant structures in the alpine tundra of Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Artic Alpine Research 9: 157-174. Weber*, M. G. (1985). Forest soil respiration in eastern Ontario jack pine ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15: 1069-1073. Weber, M. G. (1987). Decomposition, litter fall, and forest floor nutrient dynamics in relation to fire in eastern Ontario Jack pine ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 1496-1506. Weber, M. G. and K. VanCleve (1981). Nitrogen dynamics in the forest floor of interior Alaskan black spruce ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 743-751. Weigert*, G. R. (1970). Effects of ionizing radiation on leaf fall, decomposition, and litter microarthropods of an montane rain forest. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Welch, T. G. and J. O. Klemmedson (1975). Influence of the biotic factor and parent material on distribution of nitrogen and carbon on ponderosa pine ecosystems. Forest Soils and Forest Land Management, Laval University, Quebec, Canada, University of Laval Press, Quebec, Canada. Wells, C. G. and J. R. Jorgensen (1975). Nutrient cycling in loblolly pine plantations. Forest Soils and Forest Land Management. B. Bernier and C. H. Winget, Les Presses de l'Universite Laval, Quebec.: 137-158. Wells, C., D. Whigham, et al. (1972). Investigation of mineral nutrient cycling in an upland Piedmont forest. Journal Elisha Mitchell Science Society 88: 66-78. Wen-yao, L., Gui-fen, J., Ai-jun, H. (1990). Nutrient dynamics in the litter-fall and forest floor of evergreen broad-leaved forest and pinus yunnanensis forest in central Yunnan. Acta Botanica Sinica 32: 637-646. West*, N. E. (1972). Biomass and nutrient dynamics of some major cold desert shrubs. U.S. IBP Desert Biome Res. Memo 72-15. Westman*, W. E. (1975). Edaphic climax pattern of the pygmy forest region of California. Ecological Monographs 45: 109-135. Westman*, W. E. and R. H. Whittaker (1975). The pygmy forest region of northern California: Studies on biomass and primary productivity. Journal of Ecology 493-520. Westman*, W. E. and R. W. Rodgers (1977). Biomass and structure of a subtropical Eucalypt forest, North Stradbroke Island. Australian Journal of Botany 25: 171-191. Westman, W. E. and R. W. Rodgers (1977). Nutrient stocks in a subtropical Eucalypt forest, North Stradbroke Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 2: 447-460. Wheeler, G. L., K. S. Williams, et al. (1992). Roile of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada) in forest nurtient cycles. Forest Ecology and Management 51: 339-346. Whigham, D. F., P. Z. Towle, et al. (1990). The effect of annual variation in precipitation on growth and litter production in a tropical dry forest in the Yucatan of Mexico. Tropical Ecology 31(2): 23-34. Whitmore* (1983). LAST MINUTE REFERENCES FROM.. Wilcox*, D. G. (1960). Studies in the Mulga pastoral zone 2. Some aspects of the value of Mulga scrub. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 1(4th Series): 581-586. Will*, G. M. (1964). Dry matter production and nutrient uptake by Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Commonwealth Forestry Review 43: 57-70. Will*, G. M. (1967). Decomposition of Pinus radiata litter on the forest floor. New Zealand Journal of Science 10(1030-1044). Will, G. M. (1959). Nutrient return in litter and rainfall under some exotic conifer stands in New Zealand. N.Z. J. Agric Res. 2: 719-734. Williams*, J. and L. S. Hamilton (1982). Watershed forest influences in the tropics and subtropics: an annotated bibliography. Env. and Policy Inst. E-W Center, USA. Witkamp, M. and J. Van der Drift (1961). Breakdown of forest litter in relation to environmental factors. Plant and Soil 15: 295-311. Witkowski, E. T. F. (1991). Effects of invasive alien acacias on nutrient cycling in the coastal lowlands of the Cape Fynbos. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 1-15. Woods, F. W., Gallegos, C.M. (1970). Litter accumulation in selected forests of the Republic of Panama. Biotropica 2: 46-50. Wooi-khoon, G., Jin-eong, O. (1983). Litter production and decomposition in a coastal hill dipterocarp forest. Tropical Rainforest: Ecology and Management, Special publication series 1 number 2 of the British Ecological Society. S. L. Sutton, Whitmore, T.C., Chadwick, A.C., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 2: 275-285. Wright, T. W. (1957). Some effects of thinning on the soil of a Norway spruce plantation. Forestry 30: 123-133. Yamada, I. (1976). Forest ecological studies of the montane forest of Mt. Pangrango, West Java III. Litter fall of the tropical forest near Cibodas. Southeast Asian Studies (Kyoto Daigaku Tonan Ajia Kenkyu Senta) 14(194-229). Yamakura*, T., H. Saito, et al. (1972). Production and structure of underground part of HINOK (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stand. I. Estimation of root production by means of root analysis. Journal Japanese Forestry Society 54: 118-125. Yanai*, R. D. (1992). Phosphorus budget of a 70-year-old northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry 17: 1-22. Yasuda, T., H. Ichidawa, et al. (1989). Organic carbon budget in a headwater stream at Uratakao. Japanese Journal of Limnology 50(3): 227-234. Yavitt, J. B. and T. J. Fahey (1986). Litter decay and leaching from the forest floor in pinus contorta (Lodgepole pine) ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 74: 525-545. Yin, X., Perry, J.A., Dixon, R.K. (1989). Influence of canopy removal on oak forest floor decomposition. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 204-214. Yoda, K. (1978). Organic carbon, nitrogen, and mineral nutrient stocks in the soils of Pasoh forest. Malayan Nature Journal 30: 229-251. Yoda, K. and T. Kira (1969). Comparative ecological studies on three main types of forest vegetation in Thailand. V. Accumulation and turnover of soil organic matter, with notes on the altitudinal soil sequence on Khao (Mt.) Luang, peninsular Thailand. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia 6: 88-110. Yonedau*, T., K. Yoda, et al. (1978). Accumulation and decomposition of wood litter in Pasoh forest. Malayan Nature Journal 30: 381-389. Zavitkovski*, J. and M. Newton (1971). Litterfall and litter accumulation in red alder stands in western Oregon. Plant and Soil 35: 257-268. Zoltn, J. (1958). Alommennyisegek A Magyar Erdu Egyes Tipusaiban. Erdezettudom·nyi Kzlemenyek 1: 151-162. Zou, X. (1993). Species effects on earthworm density in tropical tree plantations in Hawaii. Biology and Fertility of Soils 15: 35-38.