BOREAS TGB-07 Rainwater Herbicide and Organochlorine Concentration Data Summary: The BOREAS TGB-07 team measured the concentration and flux of several agricultural pesticides in air and rainwater samples in order to determine the associated yearly deposition rates. This data set contains information on the rainwater concentration of seven herbicides [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacidic_acid (2,4-D), bromoxynil, dicamb, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), triallate, trifluralin, and diclop-methyl] known to appear in the atmosphere of the Canadian prairies. Also, the concentration of three herbicides (atrazine, alaclor and metolachlor), two groups of insecticides (lindane and breakdown products and dichlro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and breakdown products), and several polychlorinated biphenyls commonly used in the central United States were measured. All of these chemicals are reported, in the literature, to be transported in the atmosphere. Many have been reported to occur in boreal and arctic food chains. The sampling was carried out from June 16 to August 13, 1993 and May 4 to July 20, 1994 at the BOREAS site in the Prince Albert National Park (Waskesiu). The data are stored in tabular ASCII files. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TGB-07 Tower Herbicide Concentrations in Rainwater over the SSA 1.2 Data Set Introduction This data set contains herbicide concentrations in rainwater collected from Waskesiu. 1.3 Objective/Purpose The objective of this study was to measure the wet deposition (in rainfall) of herbicides in the Boreal Forest at Waskesiu. 1.4 Summary of Parameters and Variables This data set contains herbicide concentrations in rainwater collected from Waskesiu. 1.5 Discussion The deposition into the boreal forest of seven herbicides [2,4- dichlorophenoxyacidic acid (2,4-D), bromoxynil, dicamba, 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), triallate, trifluralin, and diclop-methyl] known to appear in the atmosphere of the Canadian prairies, three herbicides (atrazine, alachlor and metolachlor) commonly used in the central United States, two groups of insecticides (lindane and breakdown products and dichlro-diphenyl- trichloroethane (DDT) and breakdown products)plus several polychlorinated biphenyls was measured. All of these chemicals are reported, in the literature, to be transported in the atmosphere. Many have been reported to occur in boreal and arctic food chains. The sampling was carried out at the BOREAS site in the Prince Albert National Park (Waskesiu). 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS TGB-07 Ambient Air Herbicide and Organochlorine Concentration Data BOREAS TGB-07 Dry Deposition Herbicide and Organochlorine Flux Data BOREAS TGB-09 Above-Canopy NMHC at SSA-OBS, SSA-OJP, and SSA-OA Sites BOREAS TGB-10 Volatile Organic Carbon Data over the SSA BOREAS TGB-10 Oxidant Concentration Data over the SSA BOREAS TGB-10 Oxidant Flux Data over the SSA. 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Don Waite Environment Canada Allan Cessna Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada Narine Gurprasad Environment Canada 2.2 Title of Investigation 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 --------- Dr. Don Waite Environment Canada Regina, Saskatchewan Canada (306) 780-6438 (306) 780-7614 (fax) Don.Waite@EC.GC.CA (email) Contact 2 --------- Sara K. Conrad Raytheon STX Corporation NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301)286-2624 Sara.Golightly@gsfc.nasa.gov (email) 3. Theory of Measurements Rain samples are collected by the dry deposition sampler (dust collector) which consists of a 1 x 0.5 m, stainless steel (316 grade) tray, with 5 cm high sides. When rainfall is detected on the conductivity-type rain detector, the dust collector pump shuts down and two valves operate to divert rainwater into an exterior, stainless steel container. When the rainfall stops, the rain detector dries with the help of a built in heater. The pump re-starts and dry deposition sampling is resumed. Rain time is recorded on an integrated timer. Rain volume is measured separately with a standard rain gauge. The rain water is solvent extracted, following published procedures and the extracts analyzed for target chemicals. Rain samples were collected as 7 day composite samples. 4. Equipment: 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description 4.1.1 Collection Environment The data were collected under all environmental conditions. 4.1.2 Source/Platform Ground. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives None given. 4.1.4 Key Variables The key variable is herbicide concentration in composite rainwater samples. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation Rain was sampled by the dust collector, a sampler designed to collect dry and wet atmospheric deposits of trace organics. The collecting surface is a 0.5 X 1.0 m2 stainless tray. During dry conditions, acidified water was constantly circulated across this surface, collecting dry deposits. Rainfall triggers a sensor, stopping the water flow. Rain falling on the clean collecting tray is diverted into a stainless steel container which is emptied, manually, at the end of the sampling period (7 days. At the end of the rainfall the sampler reverts to dry deposition sampling. Rain duration is recorded by a timer in the sampler and rain volume by a standard rain gauge. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry Dust Collector; a newly designed sampler employing an XAD-2 resin column to extract dry deposits from a continuously flowing sheet of water and collecting separate rain samples. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument None given. 4.2 Calibration None given. 4.2.1 Specifications None given. 4.2.1.1 Tolerance None given 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration None given. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information None given. 5. Data Acquisition Methods The herbicide analyses were carried out at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Station at Regina, Saskatchewan, whereas insecticide and organochlorine analysis was carried out by the Environment Canada laboratory in Edmonton, Alberta. All residues were quantified and confirmed using a Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD). Rain samples (500 mL each) were acidified to pH 2 with dilute H2SO4 solution, extracted with dichloromethane and the extract methylated with diazomethane and subjected to Florisil column prior to GC-MSD analysis for extracted herbicides (Cessna et al., 1985). A second 500 mL aliquot was extracted with dichloromethane, subjected to Florisil column, and analysed for insecticides and organochlorines by GC-MSD. (Cessna et al., 1985) Depending on the compound, from two to four ions were monitored on the MSD. The presence of each compound was considered to be confirmed if: all ions monitored were present; a peak appeared at the retention time (( 0.02 min) obtained for a standard solution of the pesticide in the reconstructed chromatograms of all ions; and, the peak area ratio was within 30% of the ratio obtained using a standard solution of the pesticide. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes None. 6.2 Field Notes None. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) coordinates for the SSA measurement site are: Longitude Latitude ---------- --------- Waskesiu 106.0678 W 53.9178 N 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map None given. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution The measurements were made at a single location in the SSA. 7.1.4 Projection Not applicable. 7.1.5 Grid Description Not applicable. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage The data were collected from June 16 to August 13, 1993 and May 4 to July 20, 1994 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map All the data were collected at the same location. 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution The samplers operated 24 hours per day over each 7 day sampling period. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (tgb7rwho.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (tgb7rwho.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity All of the Rainwater Herbicide and Organochlorine Concentration Data are contained in one dataset. 8.2 Data Format(s) The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in the companion data definition file (tgb7rwho.def). 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms None given. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps None given. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None given. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments None given. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None given. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None given. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error None given. 10.2 Quality Assessment Standard laboratory procedures involving blanks, spikes and replicates. 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source None given. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment None given. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters None given. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None given. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center The data were examined for general consistency and clarity. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None given. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data None given. 11.3 Usage Guidance None given. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None given. 12. Application of the Data Set The data can be used to quantify the Trace organic contaminants entering the site from atmospheric transport and identify chemicals which require further research. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None given. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description None given. 14.2 Software Access None given. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson BOREAS Data Manager NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The TGB-07 rain herbicide concentration data are available from the EOSDIS ORNL DAAC (Earth Observing System Data and Information System) (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) (Distributed Active Archive Center). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products None 16.2 Film products None. 16.3 Other products Comma delimited ASCII files 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation None given. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Cessna, A. J., Grover, R., Kerr, L. A. and Aldred, M.L. (1985) A multiresidue method for the analysis and verification of several herbicides in water. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33, 504-507. Cessna, A. J., Waite, D. T. and Constable, M. (1997) Concentrations of pentachlorophenol in atmospheric samples from three Canadian locations, 1994. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 58, 651-658. Grover, R., Smith, A. E. and Cessna, A. J. (1994) Fate of bromoxynil n- butyrate and iso-octanoate applied as a mixture to a wheat field. J. Environ. Qual. 23(6), 1304-1311. Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. (1997). "BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions", Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), BOREAS Special Issue, 102(D24), Dec. 1997, pp. 28731-28770. Waite, D. T., A. J. Cessna, N. P. Gurprasad and J. Banner. ___. Evaluation of a new sampler for collecting separate dry and wet atmospheric depositions of trace organic chemicals. Atmos. Environ. accepted Waite, D. T., N. P. Gurprasad, A. J. Cessna and D. V. Quiring. ____. Atmospheric pentachlorophenol concentrations in relation to air temperature at five Canadian locations. Chemosphere accepted. Cessna, A. J.,D. T. Waite, and M. Constable. 1997. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol in atmospheric samples from three Canadian locations, 1994. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 58(4):651-658. Thompson, T. S., R. G. Treble, D. T. Waite and A. J. Cessna. 1997. Identification of pentachloronitrobenzene in ambient air extracts. Bull. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 58:939-944. Waite, D. T., N. P. Gurprasad and M. B. Constable. 1996 Concentrations of pentachlorophenol and some related compounds in seasonally collected atmospheric samples from five Canadian locations. Organohalogen Compds. 28:482-489. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation None. 18. Glossary of Terms None given. 19. List of Acronyms BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NSA - Northern Study Area ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park SSA - Southern Study Area URL - Uniform Resource Locator (a World Wide Web address) 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date Written: 04-Dec-1997 Last updated: 14-Sep-1998 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 27-Aug-1998 Science Review: 20.3 Document 20.4 Citation 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords organochlorines, herbicides, atmospheric transport, rain, dry deposition, ambient air TGB07_Rain_Herb_Conc.doc 09/14/98