BOREAS TGB-05 Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide N2O
Summary:
The BOREAS TGB-05 team made several measurements of trace gas concentrations
and fluxes at various NSA sites. This data set contains biogenic soil emissions
of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide that were measured over a wide range of
spatial and temporal site parameters. Since very little is known about biogenic
soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from the Boreal forest, the
goal of the measurements was to characterize the biogenic soil fluxes of nitric
oxide and nitrous oxide from black spruce and jack pine areas in the boreal
forest. The diurnal variation and monthly variation of the emissions was
examined as well as the impact of wetting through natural or artificial means.
Temporally, the data cover mid-August 1993, June to August 1994, and mid-July
1995. The data are provided in tabular ASCII files.
Table of Contents
* 1 Data Set Overview
* 2 Investigator(s)
* 3 Theory of Measurements
* 4 Equipment
* 5 Data Acquisition Methods
* 6 Observations
* 7 Data Description
* 8 Data Organization
* 9 Data Manipulations
* 10 Errors
* 11 Notes
* 12 Application of the Data Set
* 13 Future Modifications and Plans
* 14 Software
* 15 Data Access
* 16 Output Products and Availability
* 17 References
* 18 Glossary of Terms
* 19 List of Acronyms
* 20 Document Information
1. Data Set Overview
1.1 Data Set Identification
BOREAS TGB-05 Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide N2O
1.2 Data Set Introduction
The biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide was characterized
over a wide range of spatial and temporal parameters. Measurements were made in
different terrain's/subecosystems in and around the BOREAS North Study Area,
including burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine sites. Burned
sites had been burned at time periods ranging from the years 1987 to 1994. The
diurnal variation and monthly variation of these emissions was examined as well
as the impact of wetting through natural rainfall or artificial wetting.
1.3 Objective/Purpose
Since very little is known about biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and
nitrous oxide from the Boreal forest, the goal of the project was to
characterize the biogenic soil fluxes of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from
upland black spruce and jack pine subecosystems in the Boreal forest located
near the BOREAS Northern Study Area and Thompson, Manitoba and to examine the
post-fire effect of fires on the soil fluxes of these gases and how long this
effect persists.
1.4 Summary of Parameters
Nitric Oxide flux, Nitrous Oxide flux, and soil temperature.
1.5 Discussion
The biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide were characterized
over a wide range of spatial and temporal parameters. Measurements were made in
different terrains or subecosystems in and around the BOREAS North Study Area,
including burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine sites.
Measurements were made during field campaigns during August of 1993, June, July
and August of 1994 and July of 1995. More than 500 flux measurements of NO and
more than 500 flux measurements of N2O were made during these field campaigns.
Usually flux measurements were made at 8 plots at each of the sites. Typically,
a total of 16 to 20 flux measurements, including wet and dry, were made at one
site each day during each intensive field campaign. At each site, the flux
chamber was place down on each plot for 20 minutes before being moved to the
next plot. After making the flux measurement at ambient soil moisture
conditions, approximately 1 L of distilled water was added to the plot and the
measurement was repeated 1 hour after wetting. No water was added to sites that
were already wet due to rain. During the time periods that the measurements were
made, little or no difference was seen between NO emissions before and after
wetting, either artificially or by rain.
Since black spruce was much more dominant than jack pine in this region, most of
the NO flux data was collected in black spruce. There were 8 black spruce sites-
2 unburned and 6 sites that had been burned over a time period of 8 years. Flux
measurements were obtained from sites burned in 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994 and
1995 as well as from the unburned control sites. There were 3 jack pine sites-2
unburned and 1 burned in 1987. Not only did the sites span a period of time
since burned, but there was also variation in the depth of burn, which is
related to fire intensity. The depth of burn varied from unburned which had a
sphagnum and feather moss ground cover of up to 30 t0 40 cm to a high depth of
burn at the 1992 burn site where the fire had burned down to mineral soil.
Measurements indicated that the amount of NO flux and the duration of increased
NO flux correlated with the intensity of the burn and how quickly vegetation
returned rather than the time since burning.
1.6 Related Data Sets
BOREAS TE-09 PAR and Leaf Nitrogen Data for NSA Species
BOREAS TE-09 NSA Photosynthetic Capacity and Foliage Nitrogen Data
BOREAS TGB-01 NSA CH4 and CO2 Chamber Flux Data
BOREAS TGB-01 SF6 Chamber Flux Data over NSA Jack Pine Sites
BOREAS TGB-03 CO2 and CH4 Chamber Flux data over the NSA
BOREAS TGB-05 CO2, CH4, and CO Chamber Flux Data over the NSA
2. Investigator(s)
2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title
Dr. Joel S. Levine, NASA Langley Research Center
Edward L. Winstead, NASA Langley Research Center
2.2 Title of Investigation
Trace Gas Exchange in the Boreal Forest Biome: Effects of Fire Activity
2.3 Contact Information
Contact 1
---------
Dr. Joel S. Levine
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA
FAX: 757-864-6326
Telephone Number: 757-864-5692
Electronic Mail Address: j.s.levine@larc.nasa.gov
Contact 2
---------
Edward L. Winstead
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA
Telephone Number: 757-864-4209
Electronic Mail Address: e.l.winstead@larc.nasa.gov
Contact 3
---------
Sara K Conrad
Raytheon STX Corporation
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD
Telephone Number: (301)286-2624
Electronic Mail Address: sgolight@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov
3. Theory of Measurements
The NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) fluxes at the surface of the soil are important
components of the boreal forest. Stand-replacement fires may affect the soil-
surface fluxes of these gases. Fire removes the canopy and part of the moss,
lichen, and shrub cover, thus altering soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient
composition. In order to understand and quantify gas exchange in these systems,
it is necessary to measure the biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and
nitrous oxide over a wide range of spatial and temporal parameters including
burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine sites.
4. Equipment:
4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description
The measurement of NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) were made with a modified LMA-3
Luminox NO2 monitor. The Luminox monitor is a lightweight, portable instrument
for continuous measurement of NO2 in air. It operates by detecting the
chemiluminesence produced when NO2 interacts with a surface wetted with a
specially formulated luminol solution. The luminol solution is oxidized,
producing chemiluminesence in the 425 nm region which is measured by a
photomultiplier tube. The signal from the photomultiplier tube is directly
proportional to the mixing ratio of NO2. Since the NO2-luminol reaction is
temperature sensitive, the NO2 monitor is equipped for temperature compensation.
The signal for a given NO2 mixing ratio is constant over the temperature range
of 5 to 40 degrees Celsius. For the measurement of NO and NOx, a chromium
trioxide converter system was developed for the conversion of NO to NO2 prior to
introduction into the Luminox detector. The NO to NO2 converter consists of a
Teflon-lined stainless steel tube (6.0 cm x 1.2 cm) packed with a chromosorb
support material coated with chromium trioxide. The converter material is
prepared by soaking Chromosorb P, 30-60 mesh (manufactured by Johns Manville
Corporation) in a 17% chromium trioxide aqueous solution. The excess solution
is decanted and the material is dried in an oven at 40oC. Finally, the material
is exposed to ambient air conditions for 24 hours as described by Levaggi et
al., 1974. The conversion of NO to NO2 is nearly 100% efficient provided that
the relative humidity of the sample air stream is less than 25%. This is
accomplished by pumping the sample air stream at approximately 1.0 L min-1
through a Teflon filter and then through a 1 m long Nafion tube (Type 815,
Dupont perfluorinated polymer, 1.0 mm ID x 0. 875 mm OD, Perma Pure,
Incorporated) packed in silica gel. The Nafion dryer lowers the water content of
the air to an acceptable level without the loss of NO or NO2. The dried air is
directed either through the chromium trioxide converter where NO is converted to
NO2 for the measurement of NOx or through an unpacked column for the measurement
of NO2 by the Luminox monitor. NO is calculated as the difference between the
converted and unconverted signals. The minimum detectable flux with this
instrument is 0.02 ng N m-2s-1 of NO over a 10 minute interval at 293 K.
The N2O measurements were made using a Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas
chromatograph equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detector, a 1 mL sample loop
and stainless steel Porapak Q column (4m, 1mm ID HayeSep Q micropacked column).
The detector temperature was 340 degrees C and the oven temperature was 60
degrees C. The carrier gas, 5% methane in argon, was supplied at a flow rate of
22 mL/min. The minimum detectable flux of N2O that could be detected with this
instrument is 1 ng N m-2s-1 of N2O over a 20 minute period at 293 degrees K.
4.1.1 Collection Environment
Samples were collected under all environmental conditions.
4.1.2 Source/Platform
Ground.
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives
To measure soil nitric oxide and nitrous oxide fluxes and relevant ancillary
data in fire scars and nearby controls.
4.1.4 Key Variables
Nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, soil temperature, and soil moisture content.
4.1.5 Principles of Operation
The measurement of NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) were made with a modified LMA-3
Luminox NO2 monitor. It operates by detecting the chemiluminesence produced when
NO2 interacts with a surface wetted with a specially formulated luminol
solution. The signal from the photomultiplier tube is directly proportional to
the mixing ratio of NO2. For the measurement of NO and NOx, a chromium trioxide
converter system was developed for the conversion of NO to NO2 prior to
introduction into the Luminox detector. Dried sample air is directed either
through the chromium trioxide converter where NO is converted to NO2 for the
measurement of NOx or through an unpacked column for the measurement of NO2 by
the Luminox monitor. NO is calculated as the difference between the converted
and unconverted signals.
The N2O measurements were made using a Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas
chromatograph equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Gas samples
collected by syringe are injected into the chromatograph via an injection valve
equipped with a 1 mL loop. After separation of N2O from other gas components in
a Porapak Q packed column, the concentration of N2O is measured by the ECD
detector and quantified by integration.
4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry
Not applicable.
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument
Manufacturer of LMA-3 Luminox NO2 monitor:
Scintrex/Unisearch
222 Snidercroft Road
Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 1B5
TEL: 416-669-2280
FAX: 416-669-5132
The NO to NO2 converter was built in-house.
The manufacturer of the Shimadzu gas chromatograph is:
Shimadzu Scientific Instruments
7102 Riverwood Drive
Columbia, MD 21046
TEL: 301-381-1227
FAX: 301-381-1222
4.2 Calibration
4.2.1 Specifications
4.2.1.1 Tolerance
The Luminox instrument was calibrated for NO using a field calibration master
gravimetric standard certified by Scott Specialty Gases (Plumsteadville, PA) at
the +1% level. A calibration curve was obtained by dynamic mass flow dilution of
the standard with ultra zero ambient monitoring air. The field calibration
source was checked against a National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) standard reference material (SRM).
4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration
The NO instrumentation was calibrated daily. The N2O gas chromatograph was
calibrated every six injections.
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information
None given.
5. Data Acquisition Methods
NO and N2O fluxes were determined using a closed chamber flux technique. At
sites selected for study, only a flux chamber was placed onto the soil plots
with the edges of the chamber extending into the soil to prevent movement of air
into or out of the chamber. Rectangular aluminum collars were inserted into the
soil to a depth of at least 3 cm for some plots. The top edges of the collar
formed a V-shaped groove into which the flux chamber could be set. Flux
measurements of plots with and without collars revealed no difference in flux
between the measurements. The collar and flux chamber covered an area measuring
about 0.4 m2. The inner surfaces of both the collar and the flux chamber were
coated with Teflon. The outer surfaces of the chamber was insulated with
reflective aluminum covered isocyanurate foam. The volume of the flux chamber
varied from about 148 L to 175 L, depending upon if a collar was used and the
depth to which the collar was inserted into the soil. A muffin fan inside the
box stirred the air at the rate of 3 m3 min-1 at zero static back pressure to
ensure that the chamber air is homogeneous. A 0.635 cm vent at the top of the
box prevented development of a pressure differential when air was pumped out of
the chamber for analysis of NO. Teflon tubing extending 20 cm into the chamber
was used for sampling air for NO and NOx analysis. Bulkhead fittings with
silicone rubber septa were used for removal of chamber air by syringe for N2O
analysis. Another fitting allowed insertion of probes used to measure the
temperatures of both soil and air within the chamber.
Both O3 and NO2 have been shown to decrease to near zero during the first 4 min.
after setting the flux chamber down. NO2 is absorbed onto soils and both
absorbed and metabolized by plants. Therefore, NO2 was ignored and all
calculations of NO fluxes were based upon the increase of mixing ratio versus
time of NO beginning 4 min after starting the flux measurement. Correction was
made for the dilution caused by pumping air into the Luminox LMA-3 monitor at 1
L/min.
6. Observations
6.1 Data Notes
None given.
6.2 Field Notes
Date Location Activity
14-Aug-93 93NR NO, N2O fluxes, Site only accessible by float plane.
15-Aug-93 89JP NO, N2O fluxes
16-Aug-93 CJP NO, N2O fluxes
17-Aug-93 89FR NO, N2O fluxes, Site received rain over-night and soil was
wet.
18-Aug-93 CGR NO, N2O fluxes, Feather covering site was wet.
19-Aug-93 92GR NO, N2O fluxes, Heavy burn to mineral soil in 1992, some
moss and shrub regrowth. Feather covering site was wet.
4-Jun-94 CGR NO, N2O fluxes
6-Jun-94 CJP NO, N2O fluxes
8-Jun-94 89JP NO, N2O fluxes, Sandy soil, burned to mineral soil.
9-Jun-94 89FR NO, N2O fluxes
10-Jun-94 CFR NO, N2O fluxes
12-Jun-94 94GR Sites received heavy rain.
13-Jun-94 94GR NO, N2O fluxes, Some large logs at site still smoldering
in places from fire which occurred approximately 6/11/94, but not moss.
16-Jun-94 92GR NO, N2O fluxes
17-Jun-94 89FR NO, N2O fluxes
18-Jun-94 94GR NO, N2O fluxes, Light burn in 1994, soil surface covered
with burned and dead moss.
19-Jun-94 87GR NO, N2O fluxes, Soil very damp under regrowth of moss.
21-Jul-94 94GR NO, N2O fluxes, Black ash on top of burned moss.
22-Jul-94 92GR NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain at the site during the morning.
24-Jul-94 92GR NO, N2O fluxes, Light r/ain on the way to the site. Ground
was wet.
25-Jul-94 CGR NO, N2O fluxes
26-Jul-94 89JP NO, N2O fluxes
27-Jul-94 89FR NO, N2O fluxes
28-Jul-94 CJP NO, N2O fluxes, Sandy soil covered with reindeer lichen
and small shrubs.
29-Jul-94 94GR NO, N2O fluxes
31-Jul-94 92GR NO, N2O fluxes, Diurnal study conducted at site. Late in
the afternoon, smoke haze from distant fires visible.
1-Aug-94 92GR NO, N2O fluxes
2-Aug-94 92GR NO, N2O fluxes
3-Aug-94 89JP NO, N2O fluxes, During first flux measurement, signal
output became noisy. Bad cable was detected and replaced. The first flux
measurement was repeated.
4-Aug-94 89FR NO, N2O fluxes
5-Aug-94 CJP NO, N2O fluxes
6-Aug-94 CFR NO, N2O fluxes, Site received rain the night before.
17-Jul-95 92GR NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain that night.
18-Jul-95 92GR NO, N2O fluxes
20-Jul-95 94GR NO, N2O fluxes, Heavy rain during night at site.
21-Jul-95 95GR NO, N2O fluxes, Black spruce stand burned in July 1995.
Mixed burn, burned to mineral soil in some areas, other areas covered with
burned and dead moss.
22-Jul-95 87GR NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain.
24-Jul-95 89FR NO, N2O fluxes
25-Jul-95 89JP NO, N2O fluxes
26-Jul-95 92GR NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain.
27-Jul-95 CFR NO, N2O fluxes
26-Jul-95 Rain all day
29-Jul-95 95GR NO, N2O fluxes
7. Data Description
7.1 Spatial Characteristics
7.1.1 Spatial Coverage
Measurements were performed on upland black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine
(Pinus banksiana) forest sites in the vicinity of the BOREAS Northern Study Area
(NSA), which is located near Thompson, Manitoba (55 degrees 91� N, 98 degrees
42� W). Eight black spruce sites, were selected about 100 km northeast of
Thompson, Manitoba. All eight black spruce sites were exposed to very similar
climatic conditions. The sites were located :
1. CGR: Black spruce control (not burned for >60 yrs) on Gillam Rd (100 km from
Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Live sphagnum and feather moss ground
cover.
55.154N, -96.718W
2. CFR: Control black spruce near Footprint River on Hwy 391 (82 km from
Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Live sphagnum and feather moss ground
cover. (Coordinates unavailable.)
3. 87GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1987 on Gillam Rd. (99 km from Thompson);
Clay, sand and silt soil; Heavy burn, strong moss, grass and shrub regrowth.
55.158N, -96.727W
4. 89FR: Black spruce stand burned in 1989, near Footprint River on Hwy 391 (82
km from Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Heavy burn, burned to mineral soil
in spots, some moss and shrub regrowth. (Coordinates unavailable.)
5. 92GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1992 on Gillam Rd. (100 km from
Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Heavy burn to mineral soil, some moss and
shrub regrowth.
55.149N, -96.712W
6. 93NR: Black spruce stand burned in 1993 (70 km SE of Thompson, Nelson
River); Clay, sand and silt soil; Light burn, top10-15 cm of moss burned.
(Coordinates unavailable.)
7. 94GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1994 on Gillam Rd. (98 km from Thompson);
Clay, sand and silt soil; Clay, sand and silt soil; Light burn, soil surface
covered with burned and dead moss.
55.158N, -96.735W
8. 95GR: Black spruce stand burned in July 1995 (94 km East of Thompson, Gillam
Road); Clay, sand and silt soil; Mixed burn, burned to mineral soil in some
areas, other areas covered with burned and dead moss.
56.1741N, -96.51963W
The jack pine burn site was located in a large burn site (115,643 ha; summer,
1989) on Hwy 391 near Leaf Rapids, Manitoba, 140 km west north west of Thompson,
Manitoba. A jack pine stand, unburned for at least 80 years, located 133 km
west north west of Thompson, served as the control for the jack pine burn site.
(Coordinates unavailable.)
Flux measurements were made in the following jack pine sites in and around the
BOREAS NSA:
9. CJP: Control jack pine (not burned for > 60 yrs) on Hwy 391(132 km from
Thompson) and (57 km from Nelson House); Sandy soil covered with reindeer
lichen and small shrubs. (Coordinates unavailable.)
55.96257N, -99.83004W
10. 89JP: Jack pine stand burned in 1989 on Hwy 391(138 km from Thompson);
Sandy soil, burned to mineral soil.
56.02696N, -99.87474W
At each site the environmental chambers were used to measure fluxes within an
area that was approximately 10,000 m2.
7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map
Not available.
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution
Each flux measurement covered an area of 0.40 m2. Usually flux measurements were
made at 8 plots at each of 10 sites.
7.1.4 Projection
Not applicable.
7.1.5 Grid Description
Not applicable.
7.2 Temporal Characteristics
7.2.1 Temporal Coverage
Measurements were made during field campaigns during August of 1993, June, July
and August of 1994 and July of 1995.
7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map
Date Location
--------- --------
14-Aug-93 93NR
15-Aug-93 89JP
16-Aug-93 CJP
17-Aug-93 89FR
18-Aug-93 CGR
19-Aug-93 92GR
4-Jun-94 CGR
6-Jun-94 CJP
8-Jun-94 89JP
9-Jun-94 89FR
10-Jun-94 CFR
13-Jun-94 94GR
16-Jun-94 92GR
17-Jun-94 89FR
18-Jun-94 94GR
19-Jun-94 87GR
21-Jul-94 94GR
22-Jul-94 92GR
24-Jul-94 92GR
25-Jul-94 CGR
26-Jul-94 89JP
27-Jul-94 89FR
28-Jul-94 CJP
29-Jul-94 94GR
31-Jul-94 92GR
1-Aug-94 92GR
2-Aug-94 92GR
3-Aug-94 89JP
4-Aug-94 89FR
5-Aug-94 CJP
6-Aug-94 CFR
17-Jul-95 92GR
18-Jul-95 92GR
20-Jul-95 94GR
21-Jul-95 95GR
22-Jul-95 87GR
24-Jul-95 89FR
25-Jul-95 89JP
26-Jul-95 92GR
27-Jul-95 CFR
29-Jul-95 95GR
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution
Typically, a total of 16 to 20 flux measurements, including wet and dry, were
made at one site each day during each intensive field campaign. A diurnal study
was also conducted.
7.3 Data Characteristics
Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file
(tgb5nnfd.def).
7.4 Sample Data Record
Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (tgb5nnfd.def).
8. Data Organization
8.1 Data Granularity
All of the Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide N2O are contained in
one dataset.
8.2 Data Format(s)
The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe
marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in
the companion data definition files (tgb5nnfd.def).
9. Data Manipulations
9.1 Formulae
9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms
None given.
9.2 Data Processing Sequence
9.2.1 Processing Steps
None given.
9.2.2 Processing Changes
None given.
9.3 Calculations
9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments
None given.
9.3.2 Calculated Variables
NO fluxes were calculated from the slope of the NO mixing ratio (ppbv) versus
time (minutes) from 4 to 15 minutes after the flux chamber was placed on the
soil. During this time the slope was linear. N2O fluxes were calculated from the
slope of the N2O mixing ratio versus time from time zero.
9.4 Graphs and Plots
None.
10. Errors
10.1 Sources of Error
None given.
10.2 Quality Assessment
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source
An comparison of the NO flux methods, instrumentation and calibration was held
during Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange (BATGE) experiments in 1994 and
during Natural emissions of Oxidant precursors: Validation techniques and
Assessment project (NOVA) field experiments in 1994 and 1995.
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgement
None given.
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters
None given.
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments
None given.
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center
Data was examined for general consistency and clarity.
11. Notes
11.1 Limitations of the Data
None given.
11.2 Known Problems with the Data
None
11.3 Usage Guidance
None given.
11.4 Other Relevant Information
None given.
12. Application of the Data Set
None given.
13. Future Modifications and Plans
None given.
14. Software
14.1 Software Description
None given.
14.2 Software Access
None given.
15. Data Access
15.1 Contact Information
Ms. Beth Nelson
BOREAS Data Manager
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-4005
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
beth@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov
15.2 Data Center Identification
See 15.1.
15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX.
15.4 Data Center Status/Plans
The TGB-05 NO and N2O flux data are available from the EOSDIS ORNL DAAC (Earth
Observing System Data and Information System) (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
(Distributed Active Archive Center). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov
16. Output Products and Availability
16.1 Tape Products
None
16.2 Film Products
None
16.3 Other Products
Tabular ASCII files.
17. References
17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation
None
17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports
Levine, J. S., Parsons, D. A. B., Zepp, Richard G., Burke, Roger A., Cahoon Jr.,
D. R., Cofer III, W. R., Miller, William L., Scholes, M. C., Scholes, R. J.,
Sebacher, D. I., Sebacher, Shirley, and Winstead, E. L., 1997: Southern African
Savannas as a Source of Atmospheric Gases in Fire in Southern African Savannas
Ecological and Atmospheric Perspectives, edited by B.W van Wilgen, M.O. Andreae,
J. G. Goldammer, J. A. Lindesay, 135-160.
Levine, J. S., W. R. Cofer III, D. R. Cahoon Jr., E. L. Winstead, D. I.
Sebacher, M. C. Scholes, D. A. B. Parsons, and R. J. Scholes, 1996:
Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide from Savannas in South
Africa: The impact of Wetting and Burning. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 101, NO. D19,
23689-23697.
Parsons, D. A. B., M. C. Scholes, R. J. Scholes, and J. S. Levine, 1994:
Biogenic NO Emissions from Savanna Soils as a Function of Soil Nitrogen and
Water Status. J. Geophys. Res.
Levine, J. S., W. R Cofer III, E. L. Winstead, R. P. Rhinehart, D. R. Cahoon, D.
I. Sebacher, S. Sebacher, and B. J. Stocks, 1991:Biomass Burning:Combustion
Emissions, Satellite Imagery, and Biogenic Emissions in Biomass Burning:
Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications (J. S. Levine), The MIT
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 264-271
Levine, J. S., W. R Cofer III, D. I. Sebacher, R. P. Rhinehart, E. L. Winstead,
S. Sebacher, C. R. Hinkle, P. A. Schmalzer, and A. M. Koller Jr., 1990: The
Effects of Fire on Biogenic Emissions of Methane and Nitric Oxide from Wetlands.
J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1853-1864.
Levine, J. S., W. R Cofer III, D. I. Sebacher, E. L. Winstead, S. Sebacher, and
P. J. Boston, 1988: The Effects of Fire on Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric
Oxide and Nitrous Oxide, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 445-449
Levine, J. S., E. L. Winstead, D. A. B. Parsons, M. C. Scholes, R. J. Scholes,
W. R. Cofer, D. R. Cahoon, and D. I. Sebacher: Biogenic Soil Emissions of
Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) from Savannas in South Africa: The
Impact of Wetting and Burning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, D19,
23,689-23,697, 1996.
Anderson, I. C., J. S. Levine, M. A. Poth, and P. J. Riggan, 1988: Enhanced
Biogenic Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide Following Surface Biomass
Burning. J. Geophs. Res., 93, 3893-3898, 1988.
Anderson, I. C., and J. S. Levine, 1987: Simultaneous Field Measurements of
Biogenic Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 964-
976.
Anderson, I. C., and J. S. Levine, 1986: Relative Rates of Nitric Oxide and
Nitrous oxide Production by Nitrifiers, Denitrifiers, and Nitrate Respirers.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 51, 938-945.
Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan.
Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report
(EXPLAN 94).
Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan.
Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report
(EXPLAN 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS
DOC 94).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS
DOC 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J.
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J.
Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere
study (BOREAS): an overview and early
results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society. 76(9):1549-1577.
Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1997. BOREAS Overview Paper. JGR Special Issue (in press).
Whalen, S. C., and W. S. Reeburgh, A methane flux time series for tundra
environments, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 399-409, 1988.
17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation
None.
18. Glossary of Terms
None.
19. List of Acronyms
BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
BORIS - BOREAS Information System
DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center
EOS - Earth Observing System
EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
20. Document Information
20.1 Document Revision Date
Written: 13-DEC-1997
Last Updated: 05-Aug-1998
20.2 Document Review Date(s)
BORIS Review: 13-Apr-1998
Science Review:
20.3 Document ID
20.4 Citation
Please include the following reference in all work using the soil respiration
data from BOREAS.
Levine, J. S., E. L. Winstead, D. A. B. Parsons, M. C. Scholes, R. J. Scholes,
W. R. Cofer, D. R. Cahoon, and D. I. Sebacher: Biogenic Soil Emissions of
Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) from Savannas in South Africa: The
Impact of Wetting and Burning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, D19,
23,689-23,697, 1996.
20.5 Document Curator
20.6 Document URL
Keywords
NO flux
N2O flux
Chamberflux
TGB05_N_Flux.doc
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