BOREAS TE-09 NSA Canopy Biochemistry Summary The BOREAS TE-09 team collected several data sets related to chemical and photosynthetic properties of leaves. This data set contains canopy biochemistry data collected in 1994 in the NSA at the YJP, OJP, OBS, BS and OA sites including biochemistry lignin, nitrogen, cellulose, starch, and fiber concentrations. These data were collected to study the spatial and temporal changes in the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover types and how a high- resolution radiative transfer model in the mid-infrared could be applied in an effort to obtain better estimates of canopy biochemical properties using remote sensing. The data are available in tabular ASCII files. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TE-09 NSA Canopy Biochemistry. 1.2 Data Set Introduction These data describe the canopy biochemistry (lignin, nitrogen, cellulose, starch, fiber) at the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA) Young Jack Pine (YJP), Old Jack Pine (OJP), Old Black Spruce (OBS), Black Spruce (BS) and Old Aspen (OA) sites. These data were collected to study the spatial and temporal changes in the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover types and how a high-resolution radiative transfer model in the mid-infrared could be applied in an effort to obtain better estimates of canopy biochemical properties using remote sensing. 1.3 Objective/Purpose These data were collected to study the spatial and temporal changes in the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover types and how a high-resolution radiative transfer model in the mid-infrared could be applied in an effort to obtain better estimates of canopy biochemical properties using remote sensing. Canopy biochemistry (lignin, nitrogen, cellulose, starch, fiber) can be related to a number of ecosystem processes, such as litter decomposition, nutrient cycling rates, soil CO2 fluxes, carbon allocation between below ground and above ground components, and photosynthetic capacity. There is some evidence suggesting that several aspects of canopy biochemistry can be estimated using high-resolution reflectance data in the mid-infrared. While several biochemical components can be accurately measured in the laboratory with ground plant material, making reliable estimates in real forests is difficult because the structure of shoots, branches, and trees influences the reflectance spectra. 1.4 Summary of Parameters Sampling period, site identification, sample identification, fiber concentration (%), cellulose concentration (%), lignin concentration (%), total soluble sugars (%), nitrogen concentration (%), and starch concentration (%). 1.5 Discussion At the NSA (Thompson, Manitoba), foliage from the upper third of the canopies of the YJP, OJP, OBS, and BS stands was sampled five times during 1994 in conjunction with each field campaign (Focused Field Campaign Winter (FFC-W), FFC-Thaw (FFC-T), Intensive Field Campaign (IFC)-1, IFC-2, and IFC-3), while samples from OA were taken only during IFCs. Samples were taken either on the day of or on the day following the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imagining Spectrometer (AVIRIS) missions in the NSA. Five samples were taken from five different dominant trees at each site at each date. Trees sampled were black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and aspen (Populus tremuloides). Samples were lyophilisated and ground (Tecator Cyclotec 1093 sample mill) to pass through a 0.40-mm mesh screen. For each biochemical component, analyses were conducted on two random subsamples that were equivalent to 100 mg dry weight for total soluble sugars or starch concentration; 1 g for fiber, cellulose, or lignin concentrations; and 500 mg for nitrogen concentration. Data given in TABLE1 were averaged for the two subsamples. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS TE-09 NSA Photosynthetic Capacity and Foliage Nitrogen Data BOREAS TE-09 PAR and Leaf Nitrogen Data for NSA Species BOREAS Northern Study Area in situ Diurnal Gas Exchange and Water Potential Data of Boreal Forest Stands. 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Hank Margolis, Ph.D. Universite Laval Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique 2.2 Title of Investigation Relationship between measures of absorbed and reflected radiation and the photosynthetic capacity of boreal forest canopies and understories. 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 ------------------------------ Martin Charest Universite Laval Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique Sainte-Foy, Quebec Canada (418) 656-2131, ext. 4063 Charest@vm1.ulaval.ca Contact 2 ------------------------------ Mika‘lou Sy Universite Laval Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique Pavillon Abitibi-Price Sainte-Foy, (Qu»bec) G1K 7P4 Canada Contact 3 ------------------------------ Hank Margolis, Ph. D. Universite Laval Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique Sainte-Foy, Quebec Canada (418) 656-7120 margolha@vm1.ulaval.ca Contact 4 ----------------------------- Shelaine Curd Raytheon STX Corporation NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-2447 (301) 286-0239 fax shelaine.curd@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements For total soluble sugars and starch concentrations, each subsample was extracted in a 15-ml aliquot of methanol-chloroform-water solvent (M-C-W: 12-5-3). Extracts were centrifuged three times for five minutes each time at 3,500 rpm. Two 75-ml aliquots were used to quantify soluble sugars (Dubois et al., 1956), and another group of two 75-ml aliquots was used for starch (Boehringer Mannheim Company, 1993). Spectrophotometric measurements were made using a Spectronic 20 (Bausch and Lomb). Transmittance readings first were made using glass cells and were then converted to corresponding absorbencies. Fiber, lignin, and cellulose analyses were conducted following material extraction in a mixture of H2SO4 0.5 M and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Ryan et al., 1990). Fiber concentration was analyzed from these first extracts while lignin and cellulose were conducted on insoluble residues (Ryan et al., 1990). A second extraction in 72% H2SO4 for 3 hours at 20-238 C removed the cellulose concentration (Ryan et al. 1990). Residues were then ashed at 4508 C for 8 hours to obtain the ash-free lignin concentration (Ryan et al., 1990). Nitrogen concentration analysis was conducted using the micro-Kjeldahl method (Parkinson and Allen, 1975). The sample distillation was conducted using a Kjeltec 1030 autoanalyzer, which is a single unit for fast and automatic distillation, titration, and calculation using the Kjeldahl method. Results from this distillator model are presented on a digital display or printed. 4. Equipment 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description Shotgun, cooler with icebags, plastic bags, pruner, automatic dispenser, glass test tubes, Eppendorf pipet, high-precision balancegrinding machine, centrifuge, distillator, spectrophotometer, glass cells, chemical products, lysophilisator. 4.1.1 Collection Environment Sites: Samples were collected from five sites at the NSA in Thompson, Manitoba. The sites are described in Appendix I and can be identified in Figure 5.1.5a of the BOREAS Experiment Plan, Version 3.0. YJP T8S9T OJP T7Q8T OBS T3R8T BS T6R5S OA T2Q6A Sampling: Sampling dates, except those in the winter and thaw periods, correspond with either the day of or the day following the AVIRIS missions in the NSA. For each site, branches were taken from the upper third of the canopy of five dominant trees in a representative location using a shotgun. Branches were kept in labeled plastic bags, stored in a cooler containing icebags, and transported to the laboratory in Thompson. From each bag, an appropriate amount of foliage was lyophilisated and ground. Two equivalent subsamples were then taken and extracted for each biochemical component. Analyses were conducted on those extracts. Extractions: Automatic dispensers were used to deliver the 15-ml aliquots of methanol- chloroform-water solvent (M-C-W: 12-5-3) in glass test tubes containing ground material for soluble sugars and starch analysis. Raw fiber concentration is strongly correlated to the proximate carbon fraction (Ryan et al., 1990) and is used in entomology to estimate the non-nutritive component of foliage. It was determined from a mixture of H2SO4 0.5 M and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium extracts. Residues of this first extraction were extracted in 72% H2SO4 for 3 hours at 20-238 C to remove cellulose concentration. Residues were then ashed at 4508 C for 8 hours to obtain the ash-free lignin concentration. For nitrogen analysis, samples were digested using a solution mixing 350 ml of H2O2, 0.42 g Se powder, and 14 g Li2SO4.H2O in a flat-bottomed, boiling flask and carefully adding 420 ml H2SO4 while swirling and cooling the mixture was stored at 18 C. Quantities estimated: Components were calculated according to respective references and were expressed in percentage of foliage material dry weight basis. 4.1.2 Source/Platform One or two persons collected branches at all sites, putthem in labeled plastic bags in a cooler containing icebags, and transported them to laboratory. Foliage was then sampled, lyophilisated, and ground. Subsamples were taken for extractions and analyses. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives The mission was undertaken to establish the relationship between biochemical patterns and high-resolution mid-infrared reflectance data taken with AVIRIS on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ER-2 aircraft. 4.1.4 Key Variables Foliar concentrations in fiber (%), cellulose (%), lignin (%), total soluble sugars (%), nitrogen (%), and starch (%). 4.1.5 Principles of Operation Not applicable. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry Samples were harvested from the upper third of the canopy of five dominant trees for all sites at all sampling dates. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument Grinding machine Tecator Cyclotec 1093 sample mill Tecator Inc., P.O. Box 405 Herndon, VA, 22070 USA (703) 435-3300. Weighing balance Mettler-Toledo AG, Type AB104 IM Langacher, CH-8606 Greifensee, Switzerland (01) 944 22 11 Telex: 82 61 50 Chemical Products Sigma Chemical Company P.O. Box 14508 St. Louis, MO, 63178-9916 USA 1-800-3253010 Centrifuge IEC Model HN-SII Centrifuge 300, Second Avenue Needham Heights, Mass. 02194 USA Spectrophotometer Spectronic 20 Bausch and Lomb Glass cells Hellma Fisher Scientific, 8505 Devonshire Rd Montreal (Quebec) Canada H4P 2 L4 Starch test kit Boehringer Mannheim, UV-method, Cat. No. 207748 Sigma Chemical Company P.O. Box 14508 St. Louis, MO, 63178-9916 USA 1-800-3253010 Distillator Kjeltec auto1030 analyzer Tecator Inc., P.O. Box 405, Herndon, Virginia, 22070 USA (703) 435-3300. Dispenser Compet, 5 ml bottle top dispenser Nichiryo Co. LTD. Tokyo, Japan 4.2 Calibration 4.2.1 Specifications The weighing balance was accurate to within 0.0001 g. The automatic dispenser was accurate to within 1%. The spectrophotometer was accurate to within 0.001 absorbance unit. 4.2.1.1 Tolerance Not applicable. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration The control level on the spectrophotometer was verified (0 absorbance unit) after each group of five samples. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information Not available. 5. Data Acquisition Methods Sites: Samples were collected from five NSA sites in Thompson, Manitoba. The sites are described in Appendix I and can be identified in Figure 5.1.5a of the BOREAS Experiment Plan (Version 3.0). YJP T8S9T OJP T7Q8T OBS T3R8T BS T6R5S OA T2Q6A Sampling: Sampling dates, except those in the winter and thaw periods, correspond with either the day of or the day following the AVIRIS missions in the NSA. For each site, branches were taken from the upper third of the canopy of five dominant trees in a representative location using a shotgun. Branches were kept in labelled plastic bags, stored in a cooler containing icebags, and transported to the laboratory in Thompson. From each bag, an appropriate amount of foliage was lyophilisated and ground. Two equivalent subsamples were then taken and extracted for each biochemical component. Analyses were conducted on those extracts. Extractions: Automatic dispensers were used to deliver the 15-ml aliquots of methanol- chloroform-water solvent (M-C-W: 12-5-3) in glass test tubes containing ground material for soluble sugars and starch analysis. Raw fiber concentration is strongly correlated to the proximate carbon fraction (Ryan et al., 1990) and is used in entomology to estimate the non-nutritive component of foliage. It was determined from a mixture of H2SO4 0.5 M and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium extracts. Residues of this first extraction were extracted in 72% H2SO4for 3hours at 20-238 C to remove cellulose concentration. Residues were then ashed at 4508 C for 8 hours to obtain the ash-free lignin concentration. For nitrogen analysis, samples were digested using a solution of 350 ml of H2O2, 0.42 g of Se powder, and 14 g of Li2SO4.H2O in a flat-bottomed 1-liter boiling flask and carefully adding 420 ml H2SO4 while swirling and cooling the mixture, which was stored at 18 C. Quantities estimated: Components were calculated according to respective references and were expressed in percentage of foliage material dry weight basis. 6. Observations Not applicable. 6.1 Data Notes None. 6.2 Field Notes None. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage NSA-YJP flux tower site: Lat/Long: 55.89575 N, 98.28706 W UTM Zone 14, N: 6194706.9, E: 544583.9 NSA-OJP flux tower site: Lat/Long: 55.842 N, 98.62396 W UTM Zone 14, N: 6198176.3, E: 523496.2 NSA-OA canopy access tower site (auxilliary site number T2Q6A, BOREAS Experiment Plan, Version 3.0): Lat/Long: 55.88691 N, 98.67479 W UTM Zone 14, N 6193540.7, E 520342 NSA-OBS flux tower site: Lat/Long: 55.88007 N, 98.48139 W UTM Zone 14, N:6192853.4, E: 532444.5 NSA-UBS canopy access tower site (auxilliary site number T6R5S, BOREAS Experiment Plan, Version 3.0): Lat/Long: 55.90802 N, 98.51865 W UTM Zone 14, N 6195947 E 530092 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not applicable. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution These data represent point source measurements that may be generally representative. 7.1.4 Projection Not applicable. 7.1.5 Grid Description Not applicable. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage The overall time period of sample acquisition was from 01-Feb-1994 through 18- Sep-1994. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map Samples were collected on the following dates: FFC-W : OJP, OBS, and YJP on 17-Feb-1994 BS on 18-Feb-1994 FFC-T : OJP, OBS, and YJP on 28-Apr-1994 BS on 29-Apr-1994 IFC-1 OASP, OJP, and YJP on 08-Jun-1994 OBS and BS on 09-Jun-1994 IFC-2 OASP, OJP, and BS on 04-Aug-1994 OBS and YJP on 05-Aug-1994 IFC-3 OBS on 15-Sep-1994 OASP, YJP, OJP, and BS on 16-Sep-1994 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution For each sampling date, branches were collected at 6:00 a.m. (local time)for OBS, at 8:00 a.m.for YJP, and between 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. for the OBS, and OA sites. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition files (te09bioav.def) and (te09biopd.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition files (te09bioav.def) and (te09biopd.def). 8. Data Organization In TABLE 1, data are presented for each sample (i.e., for each tree) and represent the average of two subsamples. In TABLE 2, the subsequent averaged contents and corresponding standard errors are given on the basis of both site and sampling date. 8.1 Data Granularity Data presented for each sample and representing the average of the two subsamples are contained in one data file. The subsequent averaged contents and corresponding standard errors are given on the basis of both site and sampling date are contained in a separate data file. 8.2 Data Format(s) The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in the companion data definition files (te09bioav.def) and (te09biopd.def). 9. Data Manipulations Not applicable. 9.1 Formulae None. 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms None. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence None. 9.2.1 Processing Steps Data were recorded automatically by a computer and also printed on a printer. Subsequent calculations of different parameters were performed using MS Excel for Windows 5.0. BORIS Staff processed the data by: 1) Reviewing the initial data files and loading them online for BOREAS team access. 2) Designing relational data base tables to inventory and store the data. 3) Loading the the data into the relational data base tables. 4) Working with the TE-09 team to document the data set. 5) Extracting the standardized data into logical files. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None. 9.3 Calculations All variables were measured. 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments None. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error Analyses of all components were conducted on a uniform basis but there are some missing values that have been accounted for in averages and standard error calculations. 10.2 Quality Assessment None. 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source Data were checked for obvious problems. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment High. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters None. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center Data was examined for general consistency and clarity. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data None. 11.3 Usage Guidance This data file does not contain values for subsamples. A sample represents a tree and comprises two subsamples. The averaged content in TABLE2 is that of five samples (replications). Standard errors are among samples, not between subsamples. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None. 12. Application of the Data Set These data were collected to study the spatial and temporal changes in the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover types and how a high-resolution radiative transfer model in the mid-infrared could be applied in an effort to obtain better estimaes of canopy biochemical properties using remote sensing. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None given. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description None given. 14.2 Software Access None given. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson BOREAS Data Manager NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See Section 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The TE-09 biochemistry data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products None. 16.2 Film Products None. 16.3 Other Products Tabular ASCII files. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation None given 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Anonymous 1993. UV-method for the determination of native starch in foodstuffs and other materials. Boehringer Mannheim. Cat. No. 207748. Test combination for ca. 25 determinations. Dubois, M., K.A. Gilles, J.K. Hamilton, P.A. Rebers and F. Smith, 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28: 350-356. Parkinson, J. A. and S.E. Allen, 1975. A wet oxidation procedures suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 6: 1-11. Ryan, M. G., J.M. Melillo, and A. Ricca, 1990. A comparison of methods for determining proximate carbon fractions of forest litter. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 166-171. Sellers, P., and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P., and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). Sellers, P. J., F. G. Hall, R. D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K. J. Ranson, P. M. Crill, D. P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P. G. Jarvis, S. T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D. E. Wickland, and F. E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (D24): 28,731-28,770. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation None. 18. Glossary of Terms None given. 19. List of Acronyms AVIRIS - Airborne Visible-InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System CGI - Certified by Group CPI - Checked by Principal Investigator DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System FFC-T - Focused Field Campaign-Thaw FFC-W - Focued Field Campaign-Winter GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center IFC - Intensive Field Campaign NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NSA - Northern Study Area OA - Old Aspen OBS - Old Black Spruce OJP - Old Jack Pine ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park PRE - Preliminary SSA - Southern Study Area TE - Terrestrial Ecology UBS - Upland Black Spruce site URL - Uniform Resource Locator UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator YJP - Young Jack Pine 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date Written: 01-Jan-1997 Last Updated: 10-Mar-1999 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 08-Sep-1997 Science Review: 05-Nov-1997 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation Samples were collected by Hank Margolis and other TE-09 members. Results are from laboratory analyses conducted by Martin Charest. Data compilation was conducted by Mika‘lou Sy. 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords LEAF CHEMISTRY TE09_Biochem 05/07/99