BOREAS TE-02 Wood Respiration Data Summary The BOREAS TE-02 team collected several data sets in support of its efforts to characterize and interpret information on the respiration of the foliage, roots, and wood of boreal vegetation. This data set contains measurements of wood respiration conducted in the NSA during the growing season of 1994. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TE-02 Wood Respiration Data 1.2 Data Set Introduction Field studies of wood respiration were conducted on tree stems at the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA) in 1994. This data set includes the measurements of wood respiration measured from May 1994 to late September 1994 at the Old Black Spruce (OBS), Old Jack Pine (OJP), Young Jack Pine (YJP), and Old Aspen (OA) study sites in the NSA. Characteristics of the stem (growth, sapwood volume, etc.) for samples measured for wood respiration on tree stems were sampled after the end of the 1994 growth season at the end of September 1994 and given in another file. TIME_OBS times of -999 in the data were times not reported by the Terrestrial Ecology (TE)-02 team. 1.3 Objectives/Purpose The objectives of the work were to: 1) Determine whether respiratory parameters vary among three boreal tree species (black spruce, jack pine, and trembling aspen). 2) Compare respiration parameters from the cold northern sites with those from the warmer, southern sites. 3) Provide estimates of respiratory parameters for ecosystem process models. 4) Use our estimates of wood respiration, estimates of wood biomass, and wood temperature throughout the year to estimate the annual carbon cost for wood respiration. 1.4 Summary of Parameters Each data record includes the air temperature, sapwood temperature, concentration of CO2 in chamber during measurement, area of chamber, area of the segment, respiration for the chamber at the sapwood temperature, respiration for the chamber at 15 °C, and respiration for the segment at 15 °C. 1.5 Discussion In the NSA, we measured wood respiration rates for OA (Populus tremuloides), OBS (Picea mariana), and OJP (Pinus banksiana) in 1994 during June, July, and August, corresponding with the BOREAS Intensive Field Campaigns (IFCs), and in September, after IFC-3. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS TE-02 Foliage Respiration Data BOREAS TE-02 Root Respiration Data BOREAS TE-02 Stem Growth Sapwood Data BOREAS TE-02 Continuous Wood Respiration Data 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Dr. Michael G. Ryan Dr. Michael Lavigne 2.2 Title of Investigation Autotrophic Respiration in Boreal Ecosystems 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1: Dr. Michael G. Ryan USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, CO (970) 498-1012 mryan@lamar.colostate.edu Contact 2: Dr. Michael Lavigne Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region Fredericton, New Brunswick CANADA Contact 3: Andrea Papagno Raytheon ITSS NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-3134 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Andrea.Papagno@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements Respiration requires oxygen and oxidizes sugars, producing energy, water, and CO2. In most plant cells, the ratio between the oxygen absorbed and CO2 produced in respiration is close to one. Therefore, because small changes in CO2 concentration in the air are easier to measure than small changes in the oxygen content of the air, respiration is typically measured as CO2 evolution from plant tissues. CO2 evolution is typically measured with an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), operating in one of three modes: open, closed, or differential. The system that we used to measure stem wood respiration was an open system, which estimates molar flux of CO2 from plant tissue respiration as the difference between the CO2 concentration entering and exiting the chamber times the molar flow rate of air through the chamber (Field et al., 1991). Respiration of woody tissues is estimated as the CO2 efflux at the boundary of the bark—air interface. Respiration rates are typically expressed as moles CO2 per m2 bark area per second. Respiration of woody tissues will vary with temperature, and sapwood volume, and perhaps with sapwood nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbohydrate content. Sampling for nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbohydrate content or determining sapwood cross-sectional area of a stem involves destructive measurements. Therefore, samples are generally taken after the respiration measurements have been completed. These characteristics are stored in TE-02 Stem Growth Sapwood. 4. Equipment 4.1 Instrument Description 4.1.1 Collection Environment Respiration measurements were made in the field. All other measurements took place under laboratory conditions. 4.1.2 Source/Platform The measured trees and ground supported the needed equipment. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives Not applicable. 4.1.4 Key Variables Air temperature, sapwood temperature, CO2 in chamber during measurement, area of chamber, area of segment, respiration for chamber at sap temperature, respiration for chamber at 15 °C, and respiration for segment at 15 °C. To further explain these two terms, area of chamber is the surface area (m2) of bark physically covered by the chamber. Area of segment is the surface area (m2) of a cylinder of stem with height equal to chamber height centered on the chamber. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation The system that we used to measure stem wood respiration was an open system, which estimates molar flux of CO2 from plant tissue respiration as the difference between the CO2 concentration entering and exiting the chamber times the molar flow rate of air through the chamber (Field et al., 1991). 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry None. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Instrument CR-21X Datalogger Campbell Scientific, Inc. 815 West 1800 North Logan, UT 84321-1784 (435) 753-2342 (435) 750-9540 (fax) support@campbellsci.com IRGA LCA3 or LCA4 Analytical Development Company (ADC) Hoddeston, Herts., UK Distributed by: Dynamax, Inc. 10808 Fallstone Suite 350 Houston, TX 77099 USA (281) 564-5100 4.2 Calibration 4.2.1 Specifications 4.2.1.1 Tolerance None given. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration We calibrated the IRGA to a concentration standard supplied by BOREAS prior to a measurement period and every 48 hours during measurements. Typically, the analyzer drifted less than 1% between calibrations. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information We calibrated the molar flow of ideal gas roughly every month with a bubble column. We used standard meteorological pressure (reported at Thompson), corrected for elevation, and temperature from a copper-constantan thermocouple to calculate molar flow from the volume flow for this calculation. 5. Data Acquisition Methods Stem respiration was measured on 20 trees in the NSA at the OJP, OBS, and OA sites, and 10 trees at YJP; tree diameters spanned the range of the stand. At the OJP, OBS, and OA sites, aluminum chamber plates with an external neoprene gasket were attached to the north side of the tree with putty; loose bark was removed before attaching the chamber plate. Chambers were at 1.2 to 1.4 m height; on four trees per stand, additional chambers were placed at 6 m. For CO2 efflux measurements, a Plexiglas chamber was sealed to the chamber plate with an elastic cord. Chamber area for OA, OBS, and OJP was 110 cm2. That is counting 1/2 of the plate area (assuming 1/2 of the flux under the plate goes into the chamber and 1/2 does not). The area inside the chamber is 80.5 cm2. For measurements at YJP, split Plexiglas chambers (23 cm) enclosed the entire stem, with neoprene gaskets creating a seal. A small fan mixed the air in each chamber, and chambers were removed between measurements. Temperatures were measured only on trees 1 to 4 at OA, OJP, and OBS and on all trees at YJP. At OA, OJP, and OBS, we averaged the temperatures from the position 1 chambers from trees 1-4 for chambers on trees 4-20. Coefficient of variation (CV) for sapwood temperatures on trees 1-4 were 1-5%. Measurements were taken in late afternoon, when temperature had been relatively stable for a few hours, to help overcome the problem of flux lagging sapwood temperature. Two types of measurements were made in 1994. (1) Each IFC at the OJP, OBS, and OA sites, CO2 efflux was measured once per hour for 3-6 days on eight chambers (four trees at 1.3 and 6 m) to determine temperature response; at YJP, continuous measurements were made for six trees only during the midsummer IFC. These data are in file: wood_respiration_continuous_nsa.csv. (2) Point measurements of CO2 flux were made every 2-3 weeks at all sites for all chambers (this file). The continuous measurements were made using a manifold and an open system (Field, et al. 1991), controlled with a CR-21X datalogger (Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA). The manifold system had two separate gas circuits: when CO2 efflux was being measured, inlet air was drawn through a 20-L mixing chamber (to provide a stable reference CO2 concentration), passed through the chamber at 270 µmol/s, and returned to the CO2 analyzer (ADC LCA2, ADC, Hoddeston, UK). Otherwise, inlet air was pushed through the chambers at 3.5 mmol/s, to keep CO2 concentration in the chamber at < 5 µmol/mol above ambient. The point measurements were made with an open system (Field, et al. 1991) and an ADC LCA3 or LCA4 gas analyzer with an air flow of 270 µmol/s. Methods are similar to those described in Ryan et al. (1995) and are more fully described in Lavigne and Ryan (1997). 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes TIME_OBS times of -999 in the data indicate that times were not provided by TE- 02. 6.2 Field Notes None. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The measurement sites and associated North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates are: NSA-OA canopy access, operational grid site id T2Q6A, Lat/Long: 55.88691 N, 98.67479 W, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 14, N: 6,193,540.7, E: 520,342 NSA-OBS canopy access tower, operational grid site id T3R8T, Lat/Long: 55.88007 N, 98.48139 W, UTM Zone 14, N: 6,192,853.4, E: 532,444.5 NSA-OJP, operational grid site id T7Q8T, Lat/Long: 55.92842 N, 98.62396 W, UTM Zone 14, N: 6,198,176.3, E: 523,496.2 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not available. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution These data are point source measurements at the given locations. 7.1.4 Projection Not applicable. 7.1.5 Grid Description Not applicable. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage Measurements were made during June, July, August, and September of 1994. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map None given. 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution Measurements were made every 10-20 days. Each sample represents flux for that particular chamber for 5-10 minutes. TIME_OBS times of -999 in the data indicate that times were not provided by TE-02. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (te2wdrsp.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (te2wdrsp.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity All of the wood respiration data are in one file. 8.2 Data Format(s) The data files contain tabular American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (te2wdrsp.def). 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae None. 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms None. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps None given. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None given. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments Not applicable. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables Not applicable. 9.4 Graphs and Plots Not applicable. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error Sample trees were selected to represent the range of variability in respiration rates, as well as provide an estimate of mean per stem area respiration rates. Because the IRGAs could typically resolve a difference in concentration of CO2 of one ?mol/mol, lower respiration rates have more uncertainty in the measurement. 10.2 Quality Assessment Flux rates of CO2 are likely estimated for the sample within +/- 5 percent. 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source None given. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment None given. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters Flux rates of CO2 are likely estimated for the sample within +/- 5 percent. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None given. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center Data were examined for general consistency and clarity. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None given. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data None given. 11.3 Usage Guidance None given. 11.4 Other Relevant Information TIME_OBS times of -999 in the data indicate that times were not provided by TE- 02. 12. Application of the Data Set These data can be used to study wood respiration rates of boreal vegetation. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None given. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description None given. 14.2 Software Access None given. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson BOREAS Data Manager NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See Section 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The TE-02 Wood Respiration data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products None. 16.2 Film Products None. 16.3 Other Products Tabular ASCII files. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation None. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Field, C.B., J.T. Ball, and J.A. Berry. 1996. Photosynthesis: principles and field techniques. In Plant Physiological Ecology, edited by R.W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel, pp. 206-253, Chapman and Hall, London. Lavigne, M.B. and M.G. Ryan. 1997. Growth and maintenance respiration rates of aspen, black spruce and jack pine stems at northern and southern BOREAS sites. Tree Physiol., BOREAS Special Issue, 17: 543-551. Ryan, M.G., S.T. Gower, R.M. Hubbard, R.H. Waring, H.L. Gholz, W.P. Cropper, and S.W. Running. 1995. Woody tissue maintenance respiration of four conifers in contrasting climates. Oecologia 101: 133-140. Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 94). Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 96). Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions.Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (D24), 28,731-28,769. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation None. 18. Glossary of Terms None. 19. List of Acronyms ADC - Analytical Development Company ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only-Memory CO2 - Carbon Dioxide CV - Coefficient of variation DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center HTML - Hypertext Markup Language IFC - Intensive Field Campaign IRGA - Infrared Gas Analyzer MIX - Mixed NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983 NIR - Near Infrared Radiation NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NSA - Northern Study Area OA - Old Aspen OBS - Old Black Spruce OJP - Old Jack Pine ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radiation PPFD - Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density SSA - Southern Study Area TE - Terrestrial Ecology TF - Tower Flux site URL - Uniform Resource Locator UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator YA - Young Aspen YJP - Young Jack Pine 20. Document Information 20.1 Documentation Revision Date Written: 29-Sep-1998 Last Updated: 02-Dec-1998 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 01-Dec-1998 Science Review: 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation Dr. Michael G. Ryan, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, and Dr. Michael Lavigne, Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords: Respiration Sapwood Temperature TE02_Wood_Resp.doc 01/13/99