BOREAS TE-02 Continuous Wood Respiration Data Summary The BOREAS TE-02 team collected several data sets in support of its efforts to characterize and interpret information on the respiration of the foliage, roots, and wood of boreal vegetation. This data set contains measurements of wood respiration measured continuously (about once per hour) in the NSA during the growing season of 1994. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TE-02 Continuous Wood Respiration Data 1.2 Data Set Introduction Field studies of wood respiration were measured continuously on tree stems by an automated manifold for 3-6 days per Intensive Field Campaign (IFC) at the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA) in 1994. 1.3 Objectives/Purpose The objectives of the work were to: 1) Determine whether respiratory parameters vary among three boreal tree species (black spruce, jack pine, and trembling aspen). 2) Compare respiration parameters from the cold northern sites with those from the warmer, southern sites. 3) Provide estimates of respiratory parameters for ecosystem process models. 4) Use our estimates of wood respiration, estimates of wood biomass, and wood temperature throughout the year to estimate the annual carbon cost for wood respiration. 1.4 Summary of Parameters Each data record includes flow to chamber (ml/minute) @STP (101.300 KPa pressure and 0 °C), air temperature (°C), sapwood temperature (°C), CO2 reference (?L/L), CO2 difference (µL/L), air pressure (mbar), µmol/m2 bark/s (10-6 mol/m2 bark s-1), and Error Codes. Error codes include: Air Temperature < -5 or > 40 Degrees Celsius CO2 Difference < 0 PPM CO2 Reference < 345 Or > 600 PPM Large Change In CO2 Ref Over Measurement Period Low Return Flow From Chamber Manifold Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius Sapwood Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius 1.5 Discussion In the NSA, the Terrestrial Ecology (TE)-02 team measured continuous wood respiration rates for Old Aspen (OA) (Populus tremuloides), Old Black Spruce (OBS) (Picea mariana), Old Jack Pine (OJP) (Pinus banksiana), and Young Jack Pine (YJP) in 1994 during June, July, and August--corresponding with the BOREAS IFCs. These rates were used to estimate: 1) the response of CO2 evolution from wood to wood temperature, 2) any lag in wood CO2 efflux and wood temperature, and 3) the relationship between wood temperature and air temperature. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS TE-02 Foliage Respiration Data BOREAS TE-02 Root Respiration Data BOREAS TE-02 Stem Growth and Sapwood Data BOREAS TE-02 Wood Respiration Data 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Dr. Michael G. Ryan Dr. Michael Lavigne 2.2 Title of Investigation Autotrophic Respiration in Boreal Ecosystems 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1: Dr. Michael G. Ryan USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, CO (970) 498-1012 mryan@lamar.colostate.edu Contact 2: Dr. Michael Lavigne Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region Fredericton, New Brunswick CANADA Contact 3: Andrea Papagno Raytheon ITSS NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-3134 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Andrea.Papagno@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements Respiration oxidizes sugars, producing energy, water, and CO2--and absorbing oxygen. In most plant cells, the ratio between the oxygen absorbed and CO2 produced in respiration is close to one. Therefore, because small changes in CO2 concentration in the air are easier to measure than small changes in the oxygen content of the air, respiration is typically measured as CO2 evolution from plant tissues. CO2 evolution is typically measured with an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), operating in one of three modes: open, closed, or differential. The system that we used to measure stem wood respiration was an open system, which estimates molar flux of CO2 from plant tissue respiration as the difference between the CO2 concentration entering and exiting the chamber times the molar flow rate of air through the chamber (Field et al., 1991). Respiration of woody tissues is estimated as the CO2 efflux at the boundary of the bark—air interface. Respiration rates are typically expressed as moles CO2 per m2 bark area per second. We assembled a sampling manifold to sequentially sample the CO2 efflux from eight trees, once per hour. Respiration of woody tissues will vary with temperature and sapwood volume, and perhaps with sapwood nitrogen, phosphorus or carbohydrate content. Sampling for nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbohydrate content or determining sapwood cross- sectional area of a stem involves destructive measurements. Therefore, samples are generally taken after the respiration measurements have been completed. These characteristics are stored in a separate file and documented in TE-02 Stem Growth Sapwood Data. 4. Equipment 4.1 Instrument Description 4.1.1 Collection Environment Respiration measurements were made in the field. All other measurements took place under laboratory conditions. 4.1.2 Source/Platform None given. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives Not applicable. 4.1.4 Key Variables Each data record includes flow to chamber (ml/minute) @STP (101.300 KPa pressure and 0 °C), air temperature (°C), sapwood temperature (°C), CO2 Reference (µL/L), CO2 difference (µL/L), air pressure (mbar), µmol/m2 bark/s (10-6 mol/m2 bark s-1), and error codes. Error codes include: Air Temperature < -5 Or > 40 Degrees Celsius CO2 Difference < 0 PPM CO2 Reference < 345 Or > 600 PPM Large Change In CO2 Ref Over Measurement Period Low Return Flow From Chamber Manifold Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius Sapwood Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius 4.1.5 Principles of Operation The continuous measurements were made using a manifold and an open system (Field et al. 1991), controlled with a CR-21X datalogger (Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA). The manifold system had two separate gas circuits: when CO2 efflux was being measured, inlet air was drawn through a 20-L mixing chamber (to provide a stable reference CO2 concentration), passed through the chamber at 270 µmol/s, and returned to the CO2 analyzer (ADC LCA2, ADC, Hoddeston, UK). Otherwise, inlet air was pushed through the chambers at 3.5 mmol/s (controlled with a mass flow controller), to keep CO2 concentration in the chamber at < 5 µmol/mol above ambient. CO2 efflux for each of eight chambers was sampled every 5 seconds for 8 minutes, and only the last minute’s average data used for analysis and stored in the data base. The remaining data were discarded because they represent nonequilibrium conditions. Methods are similar to those described in Ryan et al. (1995) and are more fully described in Lavigne and Ryan (1997). For IFC-3 in NSA-OA, some of the chambers were covered with aluminum foil for 2-3 days to estimate refixation by bark photosynthesis. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry None. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Instrument Ryan built the sampling manifold. The datalogger and IRGA were from: IRGA LCA2 Analytical Development Company (ADC) Hoddeston, Herts., UK Distributed by: Dynamax, Inc. 10808 Fallstone Suite 350 Houston, TX 77099 USA (281) 564-5100 CR-21X datalogger Campbell Scientific, Inc. 815 West 1800 North Logan, UT 84321-1784 (435) 753-2342 (435) 750-9540 (fax) support@campbellsci.com 4.2 Calibration 4.2.1 Specifications We calibrated the IRGA to a concentration standard supplied by BOREAS prior to a measurement period for each IFC. Typically, the analyzer will drifted less than 2% between calibrations. 4.2.1.1 Tolerance We calibrated the IRGA to a concentration standard supplied by BOREAS prior to a measurement period for each IFC. Typically, the analyzer drifted less than 2% between calibrations. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration We calibrated the IRGA to a concentration standard supplied by BOREAS prior to a measurement period for each IFC. Typically, the analyzer drifted less than 2% between calibrations. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information We calibrated the molar flow through the mass flow controller roughly every month with a bubble column. We used standard meteorological pressure (reported at Thompson), corrected for elevation, and temperature from a copper-constantan thermocouple to calculate molar flow from the volume flow for this calculation. 5. Data Acquisition Methods Continuous stem respiration was measured on eight trees at OJP, OBS, and OA sites in the NSA, once per IFC, and on six trees at YJP in NSA (only IFC-2). Tree diameters spanned the range of the stand. At the OJP, OBS, and OA sites, aluminum chamber plates with an external neoprene gasket were attached to the north side of the tree with putty; loose bark was removed before attaching the chamber plate. Chambers were at 1.2-1.4 m height and at 6 m. For CO2 efflux measurements, a Plexiglas chamber was sealed to the chamber plate with an elastic cord. The chamber area for OA, OBS, and OJP was 110 cm2. That is counting 1/2 of the plate area (assuming 1/2 of the flux under the plate goes into the chamber and 1/2 does not). The area inside the chamber is 80.5 cm2. For measurements at YJP, split Plexiglas chambers (23 cm in length) enclosed the entire stem, with neoprene gaskets creating a seal. A small fan mixed the air in each chamber, and chambers were removed between measurements. Temperatures were measured at each tree. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes None. 6.2 Field Notes None. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The measurement sites and associated North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates are: OA canopy access, site id T2Q6A, Lat/Long: 55.88691 N, 98.67479 W, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 14, N: 6,193,540.7, E: 520,342 OBS canopy access tower, site id T3R8T, Lat/Long: 55.88007 N, 98.48139 W, UTM Zone 14, N: 6,192,853.4, E: 532,444.5 OJP, site id T7Q8T, Lat/Long: 55.92842 N, 98.62396 W, UTM Zone 14, N: 6,198,176.3, E: 523,496.2 YJP, site id, T8S9T, Lat/Long: 55.89575 N, 98.28706 W, UTM Zone 14, N: 6,194,706.9, E: 544,583.9 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not available. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution These data are point source measurements at the given locations. 7.1.4 Projection Not applicable. 7.1.5 Grid Description Not applicable. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage We measured continuous wood respiration in 1994 during June, July, and August-- corresponding with the BOREAS IFCs 1, 2, and 3 at NSA-OBS, NSA-OJP, and NSA-OA. Continuous measurements were made at NSA-YJP during IFC-2. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map Each IFC at the OJP, OBS, and OA sites, CO2 efflux was measured once per hour for 3-6 days on eight chambers (four trees at 1.3 and 6 m) to determine temperature response; at YJP, continuous measurements were made for six trees only during the midsummer IFC. Point measurements of CO2 flux were made every 2-3 weeks at all sites for all chambers. 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution None given. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (te2wdrs2.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (te2wdrs2.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity All continuous wood respiration data are in one file. 8.2 Data Format(s) The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in the companion data definition file (te2wdrs2.def). 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae None. 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms None given. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence None given. 9.2.1 Processing Steps None given. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None given. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments Not applicable. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables Not applicable. 9.4 Graphs and Plots Not applicable. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error Sample trees were selected to represent the range of variability in respiration rates. Because the IRGA could typically resolve a difference in concentration of CO2 of one ?mol/mol, lower respiration rates have more uncertainty in the measurement. 10.2 Quality Assessment Flux rates of CO2 are likely to be accurate within +/- 5 percent. 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source Data from the manifold were checked for internal consistency and against single chamber measurements with a portable gas analyzer, and potential errors were flagged. Error codes are listed in Sections 1.4 and 4.1.4 and in the data file. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment None given. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters Flux rates of CO2 are likely to be accurate within +/- 5 percent. Temperature of wood is likely to be accurate within +/- 0.3 °C. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None given. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center Data were examined for general consistency and clarity. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None given. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data Processing Notes and missing data (also times for foil covering trees for the OA site in IFC-3): 1994 GMT Site Tree Position Date Time Problem OA 1 2 209 105 Bad Reference OA 1 1 209 9 Bad Reference OA 1 1 209 113 Bad Reference OA 1 1 209 633 Bad Reference OA 1 1 209 737 Bad Reference OA 1 1 210 459 Bad Reference OA 2 2 209 17 Bad Reference OA 4 1 212 655 Bad Reference OA 1 2 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260 No apparent response OA 1 1 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260 About 50% increase OA 2 2 258 1210 Low readings after, leak?? deleted all after OA 3 2 258 1530 Bad Reference OA 3 2 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260 OA 3 2 260 1022 Bad Flux OA 3 1 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260 OA 4 1 257 31 Bad Flux OA 4 1 258 1354 Bad Reference OBS 1 2 261 1219 Bad Reference OBS 1 1 263 711 Bad Reference OBS 1 1 263 815 Bad Reference OBS 2 2 261 1131 Bad Flux OBS 2 2 261 1235 Bad Flux OBS 2 2 265 2011 Bad Flux OBS 2 1 263 102 Bad Reference OBS 2 1 265 1147 Bad Flux OBS 3 2 265 1051 Bad Flux OBS 3 2 265 1155 Bad Flux OBS 3 1 263 743 Bad Flux OBS 3 1 263 847 Bad Flux OBS 3 1 265 1202 Bad Flux OBS 3 1 265 1515 Bad Flux OBS 4 2 261 1203 Bad Flux OBS 4 2 265 1419 Bad Flux OBS 4 1 261 1107 High Flux at low temps OBS 4 1 261 1211 High Flux at low temps OBS 4 1 263 759 High Flux at low temps OBS 4 1 263 903 High Flux at low temps OBS 4 1 265 1010 High Flux at low temps OBS 4 1 265 1115 High Flux at low temps OBS 4 1 265 1427 High Flux at low temps OJP 2 1 151 1931 Bad Reference OJP 4 1 150 2258 Bad Reference OJP 4 2 151 1923 Bad Reference OJP 1 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 1 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 2 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 2 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 3 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 3 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 4 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 4 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp OJP 2 2 254 406 Bad Reference CO2 OJP 4 1 255 1809 Bad Sapwood Temperature YJP 7 1 222 1005 Bad Reference CO2 11.3 Usage Guidance None given. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None given. 12. Application of the Data Set These data can be used to study continuous wood respiration rates of boreal vegetation. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None given. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description None given. 14.2 Software Access None given. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson BOREAS Data Manager NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See Section 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The TE-02 Continuous Wood Respiration data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products None. 16.2 Film Products None. 16.3 Other Products Tabular ASCII files. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation None. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Field, C.B., J.T. Ball, and J.A. Berry. 1991. Photosynthesis: principles and field techniques. In Plant Physiological Ecology, edited by R.W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 206-253. Lavigne, M.B. and M.G. Ryan. 1997. Growth and maintenance respiration rates of aspen, black spruce and jack pine stems at northern and southern BOREAS sites. Tree Physiol., BOREAS Special Issue, 17:543-551. Ryan, M.G., S.T. Gower, R.M. Hubbard, R.H. Waring, H.L. Gholz, W.P. Cropper, and S.W. Running. 1995. Woody tissue maintenance respiration of four conifers in contrasting climates. Oecologia 101:133-140. Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. JGR, BOREAS Special Issue, 102 (D24), 28,731-28,769. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation None. 18. Glossary of Terms STP - 101.300 KPa pressure and 0 °C 19. List of Acronyms ADC - Analytical Development Company ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read Only CO2 - carbon dioxide DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System GMT - Greenwich Mean Time GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language IFC - Intensive Field Campaign IRGA - Infrared Gas Analyzer MIX - Mixed NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983 NIR - Near Infrared Radiation NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NSA - Northern Study Area OA - Old Aspen OBS - Old Black Spruce OJP - Old Jack Pine ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radiation PPFD - Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density SSA - Southern Study Area TE - Terrestrial Ecology TF - Tower Flux site URL - Uniform Resource Locator UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator YA - Young Aspen YJP - Young Jack Pine 20. Document Information 20.1 Documentation Revision Date Written: 29-Sep-1998 Last Updated: 08-Dec-1998 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 29-Sep-1998 Science Review: 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation Dr. Michael G. Ryan, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, and Dr. Michael Lavigne, Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords: CO2 efflux Gas exchange Respiration Stem respiration Temperature TE02_Wood_Resp_Cont.doc 01/13/99