BOREAS TE-02 Continuous Wood Respiration Data
Summary
The BOREAS TE-02 team collected several data sets in support of its efforts to
characterize and interpret information on the respiration of the foliage, roots,
and wood of boreal vegetation. This data set contains measurements of wood
respiration measured continuously (about once per hour) in the NSA during the
growing season of 1994.
Table of Contents
* 1 Data Set Overview
* 2 Investigator(s)
* 3 Theory of Measurements
* 4 Equipment
* 5 Data Acquisition Methods
* 6 Observations
* 7 Data Description
* 8 Data Organization
* 9 Data Manipulations
* 10 Errors
* 11 Notes
* 12 Application of the Data Set
* 13 Future Modifications and Plans
* 14 Software
* 15 Data Access
* 16 Output Products and Availability
* 17 References
* 18 Glossary of Terms
* 19 List of Acronyms
* 20 Document Information
1. Data Set Overview
1.1 Data Set Identification
BOREAS TE-02 Continuous Wood Respiration Data
1.2 Data Set Introduction
Field studies of wood respiration were measured continuously on tree stems by an
automated manifold for 3-6 days per Intensive Field Campaign (IFC) at the BOReal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA) in 1994.
1.3 Objectives/Purpose
The objectives of the work were to:
1) Determine whether respiratory parameters vary among three boreal tree species
(black spruce, jack pine, and trembling aspen).
2) Compare respiration parameters from the cold northern sites with those from
the warmer, southern sites.
3) Provide estimates of respiratory parameters for ecosystem process models.
4) Use our estimates of wood respiration, estimates of wood biomass, and wood
temperature throughout the year to estimate the annual carbon cost for wood
respiration.
1.4 Summary of Parameters
Each data record includes flow to chamber (ml/minute) @STP (101.300 KPa pressure
and 0 �C), air temperature (�C), sapwood temperature (�C), CO2 reference (?L/L),
CO2 difference (�L/L), air pressure (mbar), �mol/m2 bark/s (10-6 mol/m2 bark s-1),
and Error Codes.
Error codes include:
Air Temperature < -5 or > 40 Degrees Celsius
CO2 Difference < 0 PPM
CO2 Reference < 345 Or > 600 PPM
Large Change In CO2 Ref Over Measurement Period
Low Return Flow From Chamber
Manifold Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius
Sapwood Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius
1.5 Discussion
In the NSA, the Terrestrial Ecology (TE)-02 team measured continuous wood
respiration rates for Old Aspen (OA) (Populus tremuloides), Old Black Spruce
(OBS) (Picea mariana), Old Jack Pine (OJP) (Pinus banksiana), and Young Jack
Pine (YJP) in 1994 during June, July, and August--corresponding with the BOREAS
IFCs. These rates were used to estimate: 1) the response of CO2 evolution from
wood to wood temperature, 2) any lag in wood CO2 efflux and wood temperature,
and 3) the relationship between wood temperature and air temperature.
1.6 Related Data Sets
BOREAS TE-02 Foliage Respiration Data
BOREAS TE-02 Root Respiration Data
BOREAS TE-02 Stem Growth and Sapwood Data
BOREAS TE-02 Wood Respiration Data
2. Investigator(s)
2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title
Dr. Michael G. Ryan
Dr. Michael Lavigne
2.2 Title of Investigation
Autotrophic Respiration in Boreal Ecosystems
2.3 Contact Information
Contact 1:
Dr. Michael G. Ryan
USDA Forest Service
Rocky Mountain Research Station
Fort Collins, CO
(970) 498-1012
mryan@lamar.colostate.edu
Contact 2:
Dr. Michael Lavigne
Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region
Fredericton, New Brunswick
CANADA
Contact 3:
Andrea Papagno
Raytheon ITSS
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-3134
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
Andrea.Papagno@gsfc.nasa.gov
3. Theory of Measurements
Respiration oxidizes sugars, producing energy, water, and CO2--and absorbing
oxygen. In most plant cells, the ratio between the oxygen absorbed and CO2
produced in respiration is close to one. Therefore, because small changes in
CO2 concentration in the air are easier to measure than small changes in the
oxygen content of the air, respiration is typically measured as CO2 evolution
from plant tissues. CO2 evolution is typically measured with an infrared gas
analyzer (IRGA), operating in one of three modes: open, closed, or differential.
The system that we used to measure stem wood respiration was an open system,
which estimates molar flux of CO2 from plant tissue respiration as the
difference between the CO2 concentration entering and exiting the chamber times
the molar flow rate of air through the chamber (Field et al., 1991). Respiration
of woody tissues is estimated as the CO2 efflux at the boundary of the bark�air
interface. Respiration rates are typically expressed as moles CO2 per m2 bark
area per second. We assembled a sampling manifold to sequentially sample the CO2
efflux from eight trees, once per hour.
Respiration of woody tissues will vary with temperature and sapwood volume, and
perhaps with sapwood nitrogen, phosphorus or carbohydrate content. Sampling for
nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbohydrate content or determining sapwood cross-
sectional area of a stem involves destructive measurements. Therefore, samples
are generally taken after the respiration measurements have been completed.
These characteristics are stored in a separate file and documented in TE-02 Stem
Growth Sapwood Data.
4. Equipment
4.1 Instrument Description
4.1.1 Collection Environment
Respiration measurements were made in the field. All other measurements took
place under laboratory conditions.
4.1.2 Source/Platform
None given.
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives
Not applicable.
4.1.4 Key Variables
Each data record includes flow to chamber (ml/minute) @STP (101.300 KPa pressure
and 0 �C), air temperature (�C), sapwood temperature (�C), CO2 Reference (�L/L),
CO2 difference (�L/L), air pressure (mbar), �mol/m2 bark/s (10-6 mol/m2 bark s-1),
and error codes.
Error codes include:
Air Temperature < -5 Or > 40 Degrees Celsius
CO2 Difference < 0 PPM
CO2 Reference < 345 Or > 600 PPM
Large Change In CO2 Ref Over Measurement Period
Low Return Flow From Chamber
Manifold Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius
Sapwood Temperature < -5 Or > 35 Degrees Celsius
4.1.5 Principles of Operation
The continuous measurements were made using a manifold and an open system (Field
et al. 1991), controlled with a CR-21X datalogger (Campbell Scientific, Logan,
UT, USA). The manifold system had two separate gas circuits: when CO2 efflux was
being measured, inlet air was drawn through a 20-L mixing chamber (to provide a
stable reference CO2 concentration), passed through the chamber at 270 �mol/s,
and returned to the CO2 analyzer (ADC LCA2, ADC, Hoddeston, UK). Otherwise, inlet
air was pushed through the chambers at 3.5 mmol/s (controlled with a mass flow
controller), to keep CO2 concentration in the chamber at < 5 �mol/mol above
ambient. CO2 efflux for each of eight chambers was sampled every 5 seconds for 8
minutes, and only the last minute�s average data used for analysis and stored in
the data base. The remaining data were discarded because they represent
nonequilibrium conditions. Methods are similar to those described in Ryan et al.
(1995) and are more fully described in Lavigne and Ryan (1997). For IFC-3 in
NSA-OA, some of the chambers were covered with aluminum foil for 2-3 days to
estimate refixation by bark photosynthesis.
4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry
None.
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Instrument
Ryan built the sampling manifold. The datalogger and IRGA were from:
IRGA
LCA2
Analytical Development Company (ADC)
Hoddeston, Herts., UK
Distributed by:
Dynamax, Inc.
10808 Fallstone
Suite 350
Houston, TX 77099 USA
(281) 564-5100
CR-21X datalogger
Campbell Scientific, Inc.
815 West 1800 North
Logan, UT 84321-1784
(435) 753-2342
(435) 750-9540 (fax)
support@campbellsci.com
4.2 Calibration
4.2.1 Specifications
We calibrated the IRGA to a concentration standard supplied by BOREAS prior to a
measurement period for each IFC. Typically, the analyzer will drifted less than
2% between calibrations.
4.2.1.1 Tolerance
We calibrated the IRGA to a concentration standard supplied by BOREAS prior to a
measurement period for each IFC. Typically, the analyzer drifted less than 2%
between calibrations.
4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration
We calibrated the IRGA to a concentration standard supplied by BOREAS prior to a
measurement period for each IFC. Typically, the analyzer drifted less than 2%
between calibrations.
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information
We calibrated the molar flow through the mass flow controller roughly every
month with a bubble column. We used standard meteorological pressure (reported
at Thompson), corrected for elevation, and temperature from a copper-constantan
thermocouple to calculate molar flow from the volume flow for this calculation.
5. Data Acquisition Methods
Continuous stem respiration was measured on eight trees at OJP, OBS, and OA
sites in the NSA, once per IFC, and on six trees at YJP in NSA (only IFC-2).
Tree diameters spanned the range of the stand. At the OJP, OBS, and OA sites,
aluminum chamber plates with an external neoprene gasket were attached to the
north side of the tree with putty; loose bark was removed before attaching the
chamber plate. Chambers were at 1.2-1.4 m height and at 6 m. For CO2 efflux
measurements, a Plexiglas chamber was sealed to the chamber plate with an
elastic cord. The chamber area for OA, OBS, and OJP was 110 cm2. That is
counting 1/2 of the plate area (assuming 1/2 of the flux under the plate goes
into the chamber and 1/2 does not). The area inside the chamber is 80.5 cm2.
For measurements at YJP, split Plexiglas chambers (23 cm in length) enclosed the
entire stem, with neoprene gaskets creating a seal. A small fan mixed the air
in each chamber, and chambers were removed between measurements. Temperatures
were measured at each tree.
6. Observations
6.1 Data Notes
None.
6.2 Field Notes
None.
7. Data Description
7.1 Spatial Characteristics
7.1.1 Spatial Coverage
The measurement sites and associated North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83)
coordinates are:
OA canopy access, site id T2Q6A, Lat/Long: 55.88691 N, 98.67479 W, Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 14, N: 6,193,540.7, E: 520,342
OBS canopy access tower, site id T3R8T, Lat/Long: 55.88007 N, 98.48139 W, UTM
Zone 14, N: 6,192,853.4, E: 532,444.5
OJP, site id T7Q8T, Lat/Long: 55.92842 N, 98.62396 W, UTM Zone 14, N:
6,198,176.3, E: 523,496.2
YJP, site id, T8S9T, Lat/Long: 55.89575 N, 98.28706 W, UTM Zone 14, N:
6,194,706.9, E: 544,583.9
7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map
Not available.
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution
These data are point source measurements at the given locations.
7.1.4 Projection
Not applicable.
7.1.5 Grid Description
Not applicable.
7.2 Temporal Characteristics
7.2.1 Temporal Coverage
We measured continuous wood respiration in 1994 during June, July, and August--
corresponding with the BOREAS IFCs 1, 2, and 3 at NSA-OBS, NSA-OJP, and NSA-OA.
Continuous measurements were made at NSA-YJP during IFC-2.
7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map
Each IFC at the OJP, OBS, and OA sites, CO2 efflux was measured once per hour
for 3-6 days on eight chambers (four trees at 1.3 and 6 m) to determine
temperature response; at YJP, continuous measurements were made for six trees
only during the midsummer IFC. Point measurements of CO2 flux were made every
2-3 weeks at all sites for all chambers.
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution
None given.
7.3 Data Characteristics
Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file
(te2wdrs2.def).
7.4 Sample Data Record
Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (te2wdrs2.def).
8. Data Organization
8.1 Data Granularity
All continuous wood respiration data are in one file.
8.2 Data Format(s)
The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe
marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in
the companion data definition file (te2wdrs2.def).
9. Data Manipulations
9.1 Formulae
None.
9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms
None given.
9.2 Data Processing Sequence
None given.
9.2.1 Processing Steps
None given.
9.2.2 Processing Changes
None given.
9.3 Calculations
9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments
Not applicable.
9.3.2 Calculated Variables
Not applicable.
9.4 Graphs and Plots
Not applicable.
10. Errors
10.1 Sources of Error
Sample trees were selected to represent the range of variability in respiration
rates. Because the IRGA could typically resolve a difference in concentration
of CO2 of one ?mol/mol, lower respiration rates have more uncertainty in the
measurement.
10.2 Quality Assessment
Flux rates of CO2 are likely to be accurate within +/- 5 percent.
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source
Data from the manifold were checked for internal consistency and against single
chamber measurements with a portable gas analyzer, and potential errors were
flagged. Error codes are listed in Sections 1.4 and 4.1.4 and in the data file.
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment
None given.
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters
Flux rates of CO2 are likely to be accurate within +/- 5 percent. Temperature of
wood is likely to be accurate within +/- 0.3 �C.
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments
None given.
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center
Data were examined for general consistency and clarity.
11. Notes
11.1 Limitations of the Data
None given.
11.2 Known Problems with the Data
Processing Notes and missing data (also times for foil covering trees for the OA
site in IFC-3):
1994 GMT
Site Tree Position Date Time Problem
OA 1 2 209 105 Bad Reference
OA 1 1 209 9 Bad Reference
OA 1 1 209 113 Bad Reference
OA 1 1 209 633 Bad Reference
OA 1 1 209 737 Bad Reference
OA 1 1 210 459 Bad Reference
OA 2 2 209 17 Bad Reference
OA 4 1 212 655 Bad Reference
OA 1 2 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260
No apparent response
OA 1 1 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260
About 50% increase
OA 2 2 258 1210 Low readings after, leak??
deleted all after
OA 3 2 258 1530 Bad Reference
OA 3 2 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260
OA 3 2 260 1022 Bad Flux
OA 3 1 258 1600 Covered with foil until Day 260
OA 4 1 257 31 Bad Flux
OA 4 1 258 1354 Bad Reference
OBS 1 2 261 1219 Bad Reference
OBS 1 1 263 711 Bad Reference
OBS 1 1 263 815 Bad Reference
OBS 2 2 261 1131 Bad Flux
OBS 2 2 261 1235 Bad Flux
OBS 2 2 265 2011 Bad Flux
OBS 2 1 263 102 Bad Reference
OBS 2 1 265 1147 Bad Flux
OBS 3 2 265 1051 Bad Flux
OBS 3 2 265 1155 Bad Flux
OBS 3 1 263 743 Bad Flux
OBS 3 1 263 847 Bad Flux
OBS 3 1 265 1202 Bad Flux
OBS 3 1 265 1515 Bad Flux
OBS 4 2 261 1203 Bad Flux
OBS 4 2 265 1419 Bad Flux
OBS 4 1 261 1107 High Flux at low temps
OBS 4 1 261 1211 High Flux at low temps
OBS 4 1 263 759 High Flux at low temps
OBS 4 1 263 903 High Flux at low temps
OBS 4 1 265 1010 High Flux at low temps
OBS 4 1 265 1115 High Flux at low temps
OBS 4 1 265 1427 High Flux at low temps
OJP 2 1 151 1931 Bad Reference
OJP 4 1 150 2258 Bad Reference
OJP 4 2 151 1923 Bad Reference
OJP 1 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 1 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 2 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 2 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 3 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 3 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 4 2 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 4 1 150-151 2300-2030 Bad Air Temp
OJP 2 2 254 406 Bad Reference CO2
OJP 4 1 255 1809 Bad Sapwood Temperature
YJP 7 1 222 1005 Bad Reference CO2
11.3 Usage Guidance
None given.
11.4 Other Relevant Information
None given.
12. Application of the Data Set
These data can be used to study continuous wood respiration rates of boreal
vegetation.
13. Future Modifications and Plans
None given.
14. Software
14.1 Software Description
None given.
14.2 Software Access
None given.
15. Data Access
15.1 Contact Information
Ms. Beth Nelson
BOREAS Data Manager
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-4005
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov
15.2 Data Center Identification
See Section 15.1.
15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax.
15.4 Data Center Status/Plans
The TE-02 Continuous Wood Respiration data are available from the Earth
Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact
at ORNL is:
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov
16. Output Products and Availability
16.1 Tape Products
None.
16.2 Film Products
None.
16.3 Other Products
Tabular ASCII files.
17. References
17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation
None.
17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports
Field, C.B., J.T. Ball, and J.A. Berry. 1991. Photosynthesis: principles and
field techniques. In Plant Physiological Ecology, edited by R.W. Pearcy, J.
Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 206-253.
Lavigne, M.B. and M.G. Ryan. 1997. Growth and maintenance respiration rates of
aspen, black spruce and jack pine stems at northern and southern BOREAS sites.
Tree Physiol., BOREAS Special Issue, 17:543-551.
Ryan, M.G., S.T. Gower, R.M. Hubbard, R.H. Waring, H.L. Gholz, W.P. Cropper, and
S.W. Running. 1995. Woody tissue maintenance respiration of four conifers in
contrasting climates. Oecologia 101:133-140.
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 94).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J.
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E.
Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and
early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society. 76(9):1549-1577.
Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan,
K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer,
D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,
D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview,
scientific results, and future directions. JGR, BOREAS Special Issue, 102 (D24),
28,731-28,769.
17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation
None.
18. Glossary of Terms
STP - 101.300 KPa pressure and 0 �C
19. List of Acronyms
ADC - Analytical Development Company
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
BORIS - BOREAS Information System
CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read Only
CO2 - carbon dioxide
DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center
EOS - Earth Observing System
EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System
GMT - Greenwich Mean Time
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center
HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
IFC - Intensive Field Campaign
IRGA - Infrared Gas Analyzer
MIX - Mixed
NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983
NIR - Near Infrared Radiation
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NSA - Northern Study Area
OA - Old Aspen
OBS - Old Black Spruce
OJP - Old Jack Pine
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PANP - Prince Albert National Park
PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radiation
PPFD - Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density
SSA - Southern Study Area
TE - Terrestrial Ecology
TF - Tower Flux site
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator
YA - Young Aspen
YJP - Young Jack Pine
20. Document Information
20.1 Documentation Revision Date
Written: 29-Sep-1998
Last Updated: 08-Dec-1998
20.2 Document Review Date(s)
BORIS Review: 29-Sep-1998
Science Review:
20.3 Document ID
20.4 Citation
Dr. Michael G. Ryan, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, and
Dr. Michael Lavigne, Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region
20.5 Document Curator
20.6 Document URL
Keywords:
CO2 efflux
Gas exchange
Respiration
Stem respiration
Temperature
TE02_Wood_Resp_Cont.doc
01/13/99