BOREAS TE-23 Canopy Architecture and Spectral Data from Hemispherical Photos Summary The BOREAS TE-23 team collected hemispherical photographs in support of its efforts to characterize and interpret information on estimates of canopy architecture and radiative transfer properties for most BOREAS study sites. Various OA, OBS, OJP, YJP, and YA sites in the boreal forest were measured from May to August 1994. The hemispherical photographs were used to derive values of LAI, Leaf angle, Gap fraction, and Clumping index. This documentation describes these derived values. The derived data are stored in tabular ASCII files. The hemispherical photographs are stored in the original set of 42 CD-ROMs, that were supplied by TE-23. Table of Contents 1 Data Set Overview 2 Investigator(s) 3 Theory of Measurements 4 Equipment 5 Data Acquisition Methods 6 Observations 7 Data Description 8 Data Organization 9 Data Manipulations 10 Errors 11 Notes 12 Application of the Data Set 13 Future Modifications and Plans 14 Software 15 Data Access 16 Output Products and Availability 17 References 18 Glossary of Terms 19 List of Acronyms 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TE-23 Canopy Architecture and Spectral Data from Hemispherical Photos 1.2 Data Set Introduction This Canopy Architecture and Spectral data set provides BOReal Ecosystem- Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) investigators with extensive estimates of canopy architecture and radiative transfer properties for most BOREAS study sites in the Northern Study Area (NSA) and Southern Study Area (SSA). 1.3 Objectives/Purpose The purpose of the work was to provide hemispherical photographs, taken in arrays looking upward from beneath the canopy, which are used to: 1) Measure the angular distribution of gap fraction (proportion canopy opening). 2) Estimate indices of canopy architecture, in particular leaf area index (LAI). 3) Calculate indices of radiative transfer, in particular fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (FIPAR). 1.4 Summary of Parameters Catalog of hemispherical photography: study area, site, date, roll identification, photograph identification, photograph location, photograph height, image archive information, and photograph quality. Canopy architecture indices: effective LAI, foliage clump index, LAI, extinction coefficients, leaf angle distribution, mean tilt angle, mean tip angle error, skyview factor, gap fraction as a function of zenith angle. Radiative transfer indices: direct FIPAR at monthly intervals, diffuse FIPAR. 1.5 Discussion Hemispherical (fisheye) canopy photography is a technique for characterizing plant canopies using photographs taken looking upward through an extreme wide- angle lens (Evans and Coombe, 1959; Anderson, 1964; Pearcy, 1989; Rich, 1990). Typically, the viewing angle approaches or equals 180 degrees. The resulting photographs serve as permanent records of the geometry of canopy openings. The geometric distribution of openings can be measured precisely and used to estimate potential solar radiation blocked by the canopy and to estimate aspects of canopy architecture such as LAI and leaf angle distribution. Hemispherical photography has been used successfully in a broad range of studies involving microsite characterization and estimation of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmitted through canopy openings (e.g., Turton, 1988; Canham et al., 1990; Turner, 1990; Weiss et al., 1991; Mitchell and Whitmore 1993, Rich et al. 1993). Hemispherical photographs can also supply gap fraction data for inversion models that calculate LAI and leaf inclination (Norman and Campbell, 1989; Chen and Black, 1992) and have been used successfully in various field studies (Bonhomme et al., 1974; Chen et al., 1991; Neumann and Shaw, 1989). Photographs can be taken along transects or in horizontal or vertical grid patterns to sample spatial heterogeneity within canopies (Galo et al., 1991; Lerdau et al., 1992; Lin et al., 1992; Clark et al., 1996). Dynamics and temporal variation can be monitored by repeated sampling from the same camera positions (Rich et al., 1993). The hemispherical photography data set is part of a hierarchical sampling approach for characterization of canopy architecture (Fournier et al., 1995, 1996). This approach involves a series of three sets of scale-tailored measurements, spanning from leaf to stand levels: 1) tree vectorization (Landry et al., 1995), involving detailed sampling of the three-dimensional distribution of canopy elements and crown form; 2) site characterization, involving detailed measurements of individual tree location, crown geometry, and understory cover; and 3) measurement of canopy geometry as seen from beneath -- involving acquisition of a multitemporal catalog of hemispherical photographs (this data set). This text focuses on description of the catalog of hemispherical photographs. The hemispherical photographs are stored in the original set of 42 CD-ROMs, that were supplied to ORNL by BORIS Staff, who were supplied by TE-23. Contact ORNL for further information regarding the hemispherical photography CD- ROMS. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS RSS-04 1994 Southern Study Area Jack Pine LAI and FPAR Data BOREAS RSS-07 LAI, Gap Fraction, and fPAR Data BOREAS RSS-07 Regional LAI and FPAR Images From Ten-Day AVHRR-LAC Composites BOREAS RSS-07 Landsat TM Maps of LAI and Fpar BOREAS RSS-19 1994 CASI At-sensor Radiance and Reflectance Images BOREAS RSS-19 1996 CASI At-sensor Radiance and Reflectance Images BOREAS RSS-19 1994 Seasonal Understory Reflectance Data BOREAS TE-06 Multiband Vegetation Imager Data BOREAS TE-09 in situ Understory Spectral Reflectance within the NSA BOREAS TE-23 Map Plot Data 2. Investigators 2.1 Investigators Name and Title Paul M. Rich Associate Professor, University of Kansas 2.2 Title of Investigation Canopy Architecture of Boreal Forests: Using Hemispherical Photography for Study of Radiative Transport and Leaf Area Index 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 Dr. Paul M. Rich University of Kansas GIS and Environmental Modeling Laboratory (GEMLab) Space Technology Center Lawrence, KS (913) 864-7769 (913) 864-7789 prich@oz.kbs.ukans.edu http://www.gemlab.ukans.edu Contact 2: Andrea Papagno Raytheon ITSS NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-3134 (301) 286-0239 (fax) andrea.papagno@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements The hemispherical lens was originally designed by Hill (1924) to provide a view of the entire sky for studies of cloud formation. Foresters and forest ecologists conceived of using photographic techniques to study the light environment under forest canopies by examining the pattern of sky obstruction. In particular, Evans and Coombe (1959) estimated sunlight penetration through forest canopy openings by overlaying diagrams of the sun track on hemispherical photographs. Later, Anderson (1964, 1971) provided a thorough theoretical treatment for calculating the penetration of direct and diffuse components of solar radiation through canopy openings as determined using hemispherical photographs. In recent years, many researchers have successfully used hemispherical canopy photography to study solar radiation penetration and canopy architecture (see reviews in Chazdon and Field, 1987; Rich, 1988, 1989, 1990; Becker et al., 1989), and to estimate LAI and other canopy indices (see Bonhomme et al., 1974; Chen et al., 1991; Neumann and Shaw, 1989). Detailed treatments of field and analytical methodology have been provided by Pearcy (1989) and Rich (1989, 1990). Hemispherical photographs can be analyzed by hand using sampling grids (Anderson, 1964); however, hand analysis is extremely tedious and generally impractical for large numbers of photographs. Digital image analysis techniques have recently been developed that facilitate efficient analysis of large numbers of photographs (Chazdon and Field, 1987; Rich, 1988, 1989; Becker et al., 1989). Algorithms developed by Rich (1988, 1989) allow for rapid and flexible calculations. New technologies, such as charge-cooled device (CCD) cameras and inexpensive commercial digitization and storage on compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM) (Kodak PhotoCD), promise to permit still more efficient analysis and archiving of hemispherical imagery. A program, HemiView, became available in the prerelease form in 1998 for analysis of hemispherical imagery in standard graphics formats, including Kodak PhotoCD format. The full release of HemiView is expected during the summer of 1999 by Delfa-T Devices, Ltd. LAI is calculated following the methods of Norman and Campbell (1989), as modified by Chen and Black (1992). For theory of calculating LAI and other canopy indices, see the LAICalc manual (Rich et al., 1995), data documentation for RSS-07 (Jing Chen), and the LAI intercomparison paper (Chen et al., 1997). LAICalc (including the manual) is available via anonymous ftp to oz.kbs.ukans.edu (in directory pub/laicalc) or from Paul Rich. 4. Equipment 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description See Section 4.1.5. 4.1.1 Collection Environment Measurements were made in ambient environmental conditions from May to August 1994. 4.1.2 Source/Platform A self-leveling mount on a Bogen professional monopod was used to support the camera. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives Hemispherical photography was taken to aid in the calculation of radiative transport and LAI. 4.1.4 Key Variables Catalog of hemispherical photography: study area, site, date, roll identification, photograph identification, photograph location, photograph height, image archive information, and photograph quality. Canopy architecture indices: effective LAI, foliage clump index, LAI, extinction coefficients, leaf angle distribution, mean tilt angle, mean tip angle error, skyview factor, gap fraction as a function of zenith angle. Radiative transfer indices: direct FIPAR at monthly intervals, diffuse FIPAR. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation Hemispherical photographs were taken with Kodak TMAX 400 ASA film pushed to 800 ASA, using a Nikkor 8 mm fisheye lens fitted on a Nikon FM2 body, and suspended pointing directly upward in a self-leveling mount on a Bogen professional monopod. A Nikon MF16 databack was used to imprint unique numbers on the edge of each photograph. Video digitization and image processing were accomplished using: 1) A Cohu high-resolution black-and-white CCD video camera for input. 2) A Nikkor 55-mm micro lens with C-mount adapter for optics to the CCD video camera. 3) An Imaging Tecnology PCVISIONplus framegrabber/display adapter for digitization (512 x 480 x 1 byte images). 4) A Bencher Copymate II stand to support the video camera. 5) A Marron Carrol positioner compound on a custom stand to position the negatives. 6) An Aristo V56 lamp to backlight negatives. 7) A Sony PVM1342Q analog RGB monitor to view images while processing. 8) A 486 computer with a large-capacity hard drive as the computer platform. 9) The hemispherical photograph analysis software CANOPY (Rich, 1989, 1990). 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry Hemispherical photographs were taken in arrays looking upward from beneath the canopy. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument Aristo V56 lamp Aristo Grid Lamp Products, Inc. 35 Lumber Road Roslyn, NY 11576 (516) 484-6141 (516) 484-6992 (fax) Bencher Copymate II stand 831 N. Central Avenue Wood Dale, IL 60191 (630) 238-1183 (630) 238-1186 (fax) Bogen professional monopod Bogen Photo Corp. 565 East Crescent Ave. Ramsey, NJ 07446-0506 USA (201) 818-9500 (201) 818-9177 (fax) info@bogenphoto.co CANOPY (Rich 1989, 1990) Cohu high-resolution black-and-white CCD video camera Cohu, Inc., Electronics Division 5755 Kearny Villa Road San Diego, CA 92123, USA (619) 277-6700 (619) 277-0221 (fax) Hemispherical photograph analysis software Imaging Tecnology PCVISION plus framegrabber/display adapter Imaging Technology Incorporated 55 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford, MA 01730 (781) 275-2700 (781) 275-9590 (fax) info@imaging.com Nikkor 8-mm fisheye lens Nikkor 55-mm micro lens Nikon FM2 body Nikon MF16 databack Nikon, Inc. 1300 Walt Whitman Rd., Melville, NY 11747-3064 (516) 5474200 Sony PVM1342Q analog RGB monitor Sony Electronics, Inc. www.sony.com 4.2 Calibration 4.2.1 Specifications Hemispherical photography does not require calibration per se. An intercomparison of LAI estimates from hemispherical photography and other methods, in particular the LICOR LAI-2000 (LICOR, 1995), is provided by Chen et al. (1997). We found excellent agreement between LAI estimates obtained with the LICOR LAI-2000 and analysis of hemispherical photographs (Chen et al., 1997, Rich et al. 1995, Rich 1990 and 1989). 4.2.1.1 Tolerance None given. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration None given. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information To ensure consistency of hemispherical photograph image processing, a single trained technician was used for all photograph analyses. By performing repeated analyses on a subset of photographs from each of the major stand types, we were able to effectively quantify the "error" associated with photographic analysis (see Tables 1a, b, and c below). Table 1. Summaries of LAI, diffuse FIPAR, and direct yearly FIPAR values for repeated analyses (i.e., independent analyses of the same photographs - trials) of hemispherical photographs at Old Black Spruce (OBS), Old Jack Pine (OJP), Young Jack Pine (YJP), and Old Aspen (OA) tower sites located in the BOREAS NSA and SSA. Means represent overall site means, which incorporate variability among trials and among photographs taken at the same site. Photographs were taken at horizontally and vertically spaced locations within each site. Standard deviations of trials reflect variability among repeated analyses. Standard deviations of photographs reflect the horizontal and vertical variability in LAI, diffuse FIPAR, and direct FIPAR for a particular site. a) LAI Site Date n_trials n_photos MEAN STD_trials STD_photos NSA-0BS 12-Jul-1994 2 21 2.028 0.107 0.382 NSA-0JP 13-Jul-1994 2 19 1.320 0.182 0.246 NSA-YJP 17-Jul-1994 2 17 0.839 0.063 0.527 SSA-OA1 02-May-1994 3 30 1.237 0.324 0.621 SSA-OA2 14-May-1994 3 29 2.877 0.592 1.072 SSA-OA3 22-May-1994 3 25 1.899 0.488 0.448 SSA-OA4 02-Jun-1994 3 31 3.249 0.441 1.846 SSA-OA5 02-Jul-1994 3 31 3.044 0.380 0.875 SSA-OA6 04-Aug-1994 3 28 2.366 0.155 0.908 SSA-OBS 30-Jul-1994 3 30 1.670 0.124 0.782 SSA-OJP 29-Jul-1994 3 30 1.732 0.080 0.357 SSA-YJP 20-Jul-1994 2 24 0.835 0.054 0.717 b) Diffuse FIPAR Site Date n_trials n_photos MEAN STD_trials STD_photos NSA-0BS 12-Jul-1994 2 21 0.7540 0.0175 0.0900 NSA-0JP 13-Jul-1994 2 19 0.6163 0.0429 0.0892 NSA-YJP 17-Jul-1994 2 17 0.4611 0.0185 0.2530 SSA-OA1 02-May-1994 3 30 0.5818 0.1028 0.1364 SSA-OA2 14-May-1994 3 29 0.7740 0.0660 0.0719 SSA-OA3 22-May-1994 3 25 0.7385 0.0840 0.0878 SSA-OA4 02-Jun-1994 3 31 0.8384 0.0378 0.0697 SSA-OA5 02-Jul-1994 3 31 0.8371 0.0319 0.0654 SSA-OA6 04-Aug-1994 3 28 0.8173 0.0198 0.0618 SSA-OBS 30-Jul-1994 3 30 0.6883 0.0197 0.1805 SSA-OJP 29-Jul-1994 3 30 0.7161 0.0151 0.0794 SSA-YJP 20-Jul-1994 2 24 0.4494 0.0126 0.3011 c) Direct Yearly FIPAR Site Date n_trials n_photos MEAN STD_trials STD_photos NSA-0BS 12-Jul-1994 2 21 0.8113 0.0186 0.0640 NSA-0JP 13-Jul-1994 2 19 0.6827 0.0441 0.1010 NSA-YJP 17-Jul-1994 2 17 0.5380 0.0199 0.2660 SSA-OA1 02-May-1994 3 30 0.6193 0.0870 0.1622 SSA-OA2 14-May-1994 3 29 0.8388 0.0638 0.0882 SSA-OA3 22-May-1994 3 25 0.8169 0.0733 0.1459 SSA-OA4 02-Jun-1994 3 31 0.8851 0.0345 0.0725SSA-OA5 02- Jul-1994 3 31 0.8957 0.0277 0.0689 SSA-OA6 04-Aug-1994 3 28 0.8525 0.0200 0.0748 SSA-OBS 30-Jul-1994 3 30 0.7914 0.0184 0.2082 SSA-OJP 29-Jul-1994 3 30 0.7575 0.0159 0.1079 SSA-YJP 20-Jul-1994 2 24 0.4310 0.0173 0.3649 5. Data Acquisition Methods Hemispherical photographs were acquired in sample arrays at heights of 0.8, 1.5, and 2.5 m for each of the forested BOREAS tower flux sites and auxiliary sites. For the forested tower flux sites and other sites for which mapped plots were set up, hemispherical photographs were acquired during Intensive Field Campaign (IFC)-1 and IFC-2 at 10-m intervals along the central X axis of the mapped plot (5-m intervals for NSA-YJP). Typically, this corresponds to six sample locations for each tower flux site. The following table summarizes the location of these sampling arrays: Site Location SSA-OBS 150 to 230 m (SE) SSA-OJP 130 to 180 m (SE) SSA-YJP 30 to 80 m (SE) SSA-OA 70 to 120 m (SW) NSA-OBS 80 to 130 m (SE) NSA-OJP 70 to 120 m (SE) NSA-YJP 120 to 150 m (SE) Location refers to distance from the flux tower along the optical transect "B" line set up by Jing Chen, except in the case of SSA-OBS, where a "D" line is used (i.e., along the Y=20 line of the grid). For photographs taken in the mapped plots, the distance from the tower is given as the x-coordinate and the distance from the center line as the y-coordinate (except for SSA-OBS where the x-coordinate of the first mapped location is 0 for consistency with the Terrestrial Ecology (TE)-20/TE-22 mapped plot). SE or SW refers to the direction from the tower. For the SSA-OA tower site, hemispherical photographs were acquired at intervals of 2-4 weeks throughout the growing season to enable analysis of phenological changes in the canopy. For the auxiliary sites, hemispherical photographs were taken in a criss-cross array, at 10-m intervals along two 40-m-long transects placed at right angles and crossing in the middle. A sample location was centered at one of the focal sample locations used for biometry sampling, and additional sample locations were spaced at 10-m and 20-m intervals from the center location in each of the four cardinal directions (to the north, south, east, and west), for a total of nine sample locations. Dates of the auxiliary photographs range from during IFC-1 to during IFC-2. Additional sets of hemispherical photographs were acquired 1) at sample locations with the mixed forest mapped plots (MIX1, MIX2, MIX3, and MIX4); 2) at locations with light sensors in SSA-OJP, SSA-OBS, NSA-OA, NSA-OJP, NSA-YJP, and NSA-OBS; and 3) along vertical transects at TE towers in SSA-M3, SSA-OJP, and SSA-OBS. Hemispherical photograph negatives were video digitized at a resolution of 512 (h) x 480 (v) x 7 bits using the hemispherical photograph analysis system CANOPY (Rich, 1989, 1990). A full archive of these photographs will be provided to the BOREAS Information System (BORIS). All hemispherical photographs were also archived in Kodak PhotoCD format. Two sets of Kodak PhotoCDs were produced; one is available through Paul Rich's laboratory, and the other was provided to BORIS. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes All pertinent data are contained in the data files. The hemispherical photographs are stored in the original set of 42 CD-ROMs which were supplied to ORNL by BORIS Staff, who were supplied by TE-23. Contact ORNL for further information regarding the hemispherical photography CD-ROMs. 6.2 Field Notes Field notes were recorded in notebooks and are available from ORNL. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics The overall BOREAS project was conducted at a 1,000-km by 1,000-km regional area. The SSA was defined to cover a 130-km by 90-km area and the NSA was defined to cover a 40-km by 30-km area. Each tower flux site was at the scale of approximately 1 km by 1 km. 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The SSA and NSA measurement sites and associated North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates are: NSA-9BS, site id T6R5S, Lat/Long: 55.90802°N, 98.51865°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,195,947.0, E: 530,092.0. NSA-9BS, site id S8W0S, Lat/Long: 55.76824°N, 97.84024°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,180,894.9, E: 572,761.9. NSA-9BS, site id T0W1S, Lat/Long: 55.78239°N, 97.80937°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,182,502.0, E: 574,671.7. NSA-9BS, site id T3U9S, Lat/Long: 55.83083°N, 97.98339°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,187,719.2, E: 563,679.1. NSA-9BS, site id T4U8S, Lat/Long: 55.83913°N, 97.99325°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,188,633.4, E: 563,048.2. NSA-9BS, site id T0P8S, Lat/Long: 55.88351°N, 98.80225°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,193,132.0, E: 512,370.1. NSA-9BS, site id T0P7S, Lat/Long: 55.88371°N, 98.82345°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,193,151.1, E: 511,043.9. NSA-9BS, site id U5W5S, Lat/Long: 55.9061°N, 97.70986°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,196,380.8, E: 580,655.5. NSA-9BS, site id U6W5S, Lat/Long: 55.91021°N, 97.70281°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,196,846.5, E: 581,087.8. NSA-9BS, site id T7R9S, Lat/Long: 55.91506°N, 98.44877°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,196,763.6, E: 534,454.5. NSA-9BS, site id T5Q7S, Lat/Long: 55.9161°N, 98.64022°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,196,800.5, E: 522,487.2. NSA-9BS, site id T8S4S, Lat/Long: 55.91689°N, 98.37111°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,197,008.6, E: 539,306.4. NSA-9JP, site id Q3V3P, Lat/Long: 55.55712°N, 98.02473°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,157,222.2, E: 561,517.9. NSA-9JP, site id 99O9P, Lat/Long: 55.88173°N, 99.03952°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,192,917.5, E: 497,527.8. NSA-9JP, site id T7S9P, Lat/Long: 55.89486°N, 98.30037°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,194,599.1, E: 543,752.4. NSA-9JP, site id T8S9P, Lat/Long: 55.90456°N, 98.28385°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,195,688.9, E: 544,774.3. NSA-9JP, site id T8Q9P, Lat/Long: 55.93219°N, 98.6105°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,198,601.4, E: 524,334.5. NSA-9JP, site id T9Q8P, Lat/Long: 55.93737°N, 98.59568°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,199,183.2, E: 525,257.1. NSA-9OA, site id T2Q6A, Lat/Long: 55.88691°N, 98.67479°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,193,540.7, E: 520,342.0. NSA-ASP, site id P7V1A, Lat/Long: 55.50253°N, 98.07478°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,151,103.7, E: 558,442.1. NSA-ASP, site id R8V8A, Lat/Long: 55.67779°N, 97.8926°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,170,774.8, E: 569,638.4. NSA-ASP, site id T4U5A, Lat/Long: 55.84757°N, 98.04329°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,189,528.2, E: 559,901.6. NSA-ASP, site id S9P3A, Lat/Long: 55.88576°N, 98.87621°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,193,371.6, E: 507,743.3. NSA-ASP, site id T8S4A, Lat/Long: 55.91856°N, 98.37041°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,197,194.6, E: 539,348.3. NSA-ASP, site id Q3V2A, Lat/Long: 55.56227°N, 98.02635°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,157,793.5, E: 561,407.9. NSA-ASP, site id V5X7A, Lat/Long: 55.97396°N, 97.48565°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,204,216.6, E: 594,506.1. NSA-ASP, site id W0Y5A, Lat/Long: 56.00339°N, 97.3355°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,207,706.6, E: 603,796.6. NSA-MIX, site id Q1V2M, Lat/Long: 55.54568°N, 98.03769°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,155,937.3, E: 560,718.3. NSA-MIX, site id T0P5M, Lat/Long: 55.88911°N, 98.85662°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,193,747.3, E: 508,967.7. NSA-OBS, site id T3R8T, Lat/Long: 55.88007°N, 98.48139°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,192,853.4, E: 532,444.5. NSA-OJP, site id T7Q8T, Lat/Long: 55.92842°N, 98.62396°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,198,176.3, E: 523,496.2. NSA-YJP, site id T8S9T, Lat/Long: 55.89575°N, 98.28706°W UTM Zone 14, N: 6,194,706.9, E: 544,583.9. SSA-9BS, site id D0H6S, Lat/Long: 53.64877°N, 105.29534°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,944,263.4, E: 480,508.7. SSA-9BS, site id G2L7S, Lat/Long: 53.90349°N, 104.63785°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,972,844.3, E: 523,793.6. SSA-9BS, site id G2I4S, Lat/Long: 53.93021°N, 105.13964°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,975,766.3, E: 490,831.4. SSA-9BS, site id H2D1S, Lat/Long: 54.06199°N, 105.92545°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,990,814.4, E: 439,428.1. SSA-9BS, site id H1E4S, Lat/Long: 54.04093°N, 105.73581°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,988,326.1, E: 451,815.7. SSA-9BS, site id G6K8S, Lat/Long: 53.94446°N, 104.759°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,977,146.9, E: 515,847.9. SSA-9BS, site id G9I4S, Lat/Long: 53.99877°N, 105.11805°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,983,169.1, E: 492,291.2. SSA-9JP, site id F5I6P, Lat/Long: 53.86608°N, 105.11175°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,968,627.1, E: 492,651.3. SSA-9JP, site id F7J1P, Lat/Long: 53.88211°N, 105.03226°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,970,405.6, E: 497,879.4. SSA-9JP, site id F7J0P, Lat/Long: 53.88336°N, 105.05115°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,970,323.3, E: 496,667.0. SSA-9JP, site id G1K9P, Lat/Long: 53.9088°N, 104.74812°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,973,404.5, E: 516,546.7. SSA-9JP, site id G4K8P, Lat/Long: 53.91883°N, 104.76401°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,974,516.6, E: 515,499.1. SSA-9JP, site id G7K8P, Lat/Long: 53.95882°N, 104.77148°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,978,963.8, E: 514,994.2. SSA-9JP, site id G8L6P, Lat/Long: 53.96558°N, 104.63755°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,979,752.7, E: 523,778.0. SSA-9JP, site id I2I8P, Lat/Long: 54.11181°N, 105.05107°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,995,963.1, E: 496,661.4. SSA-9OA, site id C3B7T, Lat/Long: 53.62889°N, 106.19779°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,942,899.9, E: 420,790.5. SSA-ASP, site id B9B7A, Lat/Long: 53.59098°N, 106.18693°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,938,447.2, E: 421,469.8. SSA-ASP, site id E7C3A, Lat/Long: 53.84741°N, 106.08112°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,966,863.1, E: 428,905.9. SSA-ASP, site id D6L9A, Lat/Long: 53.66879°N, 104.6388°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,946,733.2, E: 523,864.0. SSA-ASP, site id D6H4A, Lat/Long: 53.70828°N, 105.31546°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,951,112.1, E: 479,177.5. SSA-ASP, site id D9G4A, Lat/Long: 53.74019°N, 105.46929°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,954,718.4, E: 469,047.1. SSA-MIX, site id D9I1M, Lat/Long: 53.7254°N, 105.20643°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,952,989.7, E: 486,379.7. SSA-MIX, site id H3D1M, Lat/Long: 54.066°N, 105.92982°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,991,042.3, E: 439,178.4. SSA-MIX, site id H2D1M, Lat/Long: 54.06535°N, 105.92706°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,991,190.3, E: 439,327.7. SSA-MIX, site id D9I1M, Lat/Long: 53.7254°N, 105.20643°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,952,989.7, E: 486,379.7. SSA-MIX, site id D9I1M, Lat/Long: 53.7254°N, 105.20643°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,952,989.7, E: 486,379.7. SSA-MIX, site id D9I1M, Lat/Long: 53.7254°N, 105.20643°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,952,989.7, E: 486,379.7. SSA-MIX, site id D9I1M, Lat/Long: 53.7254°N, 105.20643°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,952,989.7, E: 486,379.7. SSA-MIX, site id F1N0M, Lat/Long: 53.80594°N, 104.533°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,962,031.8, E: 530,753.7. SSA-MIX, site id G4I3M, Lat/Long: 53.9375°N, 105.14246°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,976,354.9, E: 490,677.3. SSA-OBS, site id G8I4T, Lat/Long: 53.98717°N, 105.11779°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,982,100.5, E: 492,276.5. SSA-OJP, site id G2L3T, Lat/Long: 53.91634°N, 104.69203°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,974,257.5, E: 520,227.7. SSA-YJP, site id F8L6T, Lat/Long: 53.87581°N, 104.64529°W UTM Zone 13, N: 5,969,762.5, E: 523,320.2. 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not available. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution The photographs were acquired at 10-m intervals (5-m intervals in NSA-YJP), along a transect that was a) typically 50 m long at the tower flux sites, and b) two 40 m long transects placed at right angles and crossing in the middle for the auxiliary flux sites. In terms of remote sensing, this gives good estimates for a pixel size of 30 m x 30 m or finer. 7.1.4 Projection Not applicable. 7.1.5 Grid Description For tower sites, the location of the grid was determined based on distance and direction from a known reference location (typically the Tower Flux (TF) or TE tower). The following is a summary of the grid layout: Site Location Width Grid Interval SSA-OBS 150 to 30 m (SE)* +/- 20 m 10 m SSA-OJP 130 to 180 m (SE) +/- 30 m 10 m SSA-YJP 30 to 80 m (SE) +/- 30 m 10 m SSA-OA 70 to 120 m (SW) +/- 20 m 10 m NSA-OBS 80 to 130 m (SE) +/- 30 m 10 m NSA-OJP 70 to 120 m (SE) +/- 30 m 10 m NSA-YJP 120 to 150 m (SE) +/- 20 m 5 m Location refers to distance from the flux tower along the optical (Jing Chen's RSS-07) transect "B" line. All transect lines are clearly marked by pink flags, and the sample locations within the mapped plots are marked with stakes (orange wooden stakes in most sites, blue PVC tubes at SSA-OBS). The mapped plot coordinates are marked on the stakes, with the distance from the tower as the x- coordinate, and the distance from the centerline as the y-coordinate (except for SSA-OBS where the x-coordinate of the first mapped location is 0 for consistency with the TE-20/TE-22 mapped plot). SE or SW refers to the direction from the tower. Width refers to dimensions of the mapped plot on either side of the optical transect "B" line, except in the case of SSA-OBS, where a "D" line is used, i.e., along the Y=20 line of the grid. Grid interval refers to spacing of grid stakes. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage All measurements pertain to the summer of 1994: a) Hemispherical photographs were taken for IFC-1 and IFC-2 at the tower flux sites; b) A phenological series was taken at the SSA-OA and mixed sites between early May and September; and c) Auxiliary sites were photographed between June and August. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map Not available. 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution The hemispherical photography indices should generally apply to all of the summer of 1994 for conifer sites. This was verified by comparing calculated indices for the tower flux sites between IFC-1 and IFC-2. For the SSA-OA and mixed sites, we were able to observe phenological changes from May through September. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (te23arch.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (te23arch.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity All of the Canopy Architecture and Spectral Data from Hemispherical Photos are contained in one dataset. 8.2 Data Format The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in the companion data definition file (te23arch.def). The hemispherical photographs are stored in the original set of 42 CD-ROMs which were supplied to ORNL by BORIS Staff, who were supplied by TE-23. Contact ORNL for further information regarding the hemispherical photography CD-ROMs. 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms Direct transmitted radiation beneath the canopy was estimated as a direct site factor (DSF), the proportion of direct radiation beneath the canopy assuming clear sky conditions (Rich, 1989, 1990). This is reported as an integrated annual value both without and with a cosine correction for incidence on a horizontal plane (DSFU and DSFC, respectively). In addition, monthly integrated values are reported for direct FIPAR (1-DSFC for the month). Diffuse transmitted radiation beneath the canopy was estimated as an indirect site factor (ISF), the proportion of diffuse radiation beneath the canopy assuming clear sky conditions, an isotropic distribution of incoming diffuse radiation, and reported both without a cosine correction (ISFU) and with a cosine correction for incidence on a horizontal plane (ISFC, equivalent to skyview factor). Diffuse FIPAR is reported as 1-ISFC. Gap fraction, the proportion of unobstructed sky, was calculated at five-degree zenith angle intervals and used for additional calculations. LAI and other canopy indices were calculated using the program LAICalc. Calculating formulae and operation of LAICalc are described in detail in the LAICalc manual (Rich et al., 1995). Additional explanation of theory is provided in the data documentation for RSS-07 (Jing Chen) and the LAI intercomparison paper (Chen et al., 1997). 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps None given. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None given. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments None given. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None given. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None given. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error Errors can result from uneven lighting during photograph acquisition, alignment problems during digitization, choice of the threshold for image classification, and operator errors during data entry. We minimized these errors. All of our photos were scored for quality and generally of excellent quality. 10.2 Quality Assessment 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source Much of our quality control involved data validation while still in the field, retaking when necessary, and noting of any data problems. Hemispherical photograph quality was screened and scored after the film was processed. Further quality control involved checking for out-of-range values and cross- checking correspondence between data base file values and field data notebooks. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment Overall, our measurements are well within the accuracy necessary for our studies and for the purposes of other BOREAS researchers. We can readily assign quantitative estimates of accuracy with a high level of confidence. See Chen et al. 1997. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters and Variables The only error we have for gap fraction and transmittance is with respect to repeatability of analyses. Refer to Chen's calculation (Chen et al. 1997)of clumping factor for estimates of error for that. FIPAR error estimate: +/- 15% LAI effective error estimate: +/-20% 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessment Applied All data files checked against original field acquisition sheets. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center Data were examined for general consistency and clarity. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the DataHemispherical photographs have inherent limitations related to uneven lighting from the sky and uneven illumination of leaves. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data Hemispherical photographs scored as poor quality yield more variable results. 11.3 Usage Guidance As with any data set, caution should be used in the interpretation and application of the data. TE-23 and collaborators have done their best to produce an accurate and useful data set, but do not assume responsibility or liability for the use of these data. 11.4 Other Relevant Information The hemispherical photographs are stored in the original set of 42 CD-ROMs which were supplied to ORNL by BORIS Staff, who were supplied by TE-23. Contact ORNL for further information regarding the hemispherical photography CD-ROMs. BORIS staff excluded one row of data from the extracted Data Inventory files on the CD-ROM due to missing site information. This data row is given below: STUDY_AREA SITE DATE TE23_FILM_ROLL_ID BEGIN_PRINT_NUM END_PRINT_NUM CD1_ID CD2_ID BEGIN_CD1_IMAGE_NUM END_CD1_IMAGE_NUM PHOTO_QUALITY ANALYSIS_STATUS COMMENTS N -999 -999 w7 1343 1379 117 132 1 37 Good Incomplete No_data_sheets_accompanied_this_roll. The ‘-999’ denotes missing data. 12. Application of the Data Set These hemispherical photographs serve two general categories of applications: 1) Modeling applications that require extensive LAI or FIPAR measurements for a broad range of sites; e.g., modeling of whole canopy carbon flux, modeling of influences of canopy geometry on light regimes, and modeling of forest dynamics. 2) Field measurement of LAI or FIPAR that require cross checks of values; e.g., field studies of light regime, LAI. 13. Future Modifications and Plans Further work will involve reanalysis of the hemispherical photographs using the new commercial program HemiView, validation of light simulation models, and examination of correspondence between PAR sensor measurements and hemispherical photograph estimates. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description Microsoft Excel v.5.x spreadsheets were used for organizing data and performing calculations. Canopy v.2.1 was used for analysis of hemispherical photographs (see Rich 1989, 1990). HemiView 1.0 will be available soon for analysis of hemispherical photographs. LAICalc was used for calculation of LAI. 14.2 Software Access Original Microsoft Excel v.5.x spreadsheets are available upon request from TE- 23. Canopy v.2.1 is available from TE-23, but requires specialized hardware to run. HemiView 1.0 will be available commercially from Delta-T Devices Ltd. (Cambridge, England). LAICalc is available from BORIS or TE-23. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 15.2 Procedures for Obtaining Data BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.3 Output Products and Availability Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC's anonymous FTP site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes, or diskettes. The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled "Collected Data of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study", edited by Newcomer, J., et al., NASA, 1999, are also available. 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products Eight mm tapes of digitized video images used in analysis are available from TE- 23. 16.2 Film Products Original negatives are archived and stored at KU by TE-23. 16.3 Other Products The hemispherical photograph analysis data set is available in ASCII format from ORNL and on local UNIX or PC computers at KU. Analysis data are also available in Microsoft Excel v.5.0 format. The hemispherical images are available as video digitized image files (512 x 480 x 8 bits) and in Kodak PhotoCD format and are available through KU. The hemispherical photographs are stored in the original set of 42 CD-ROMs which were supplied to ORNL by BORIS Staff, who were supplied by TE-23. Contact ORNL for further information regarding the hemispherical photography CD-ROMs. 17. References 17.1 Satellite/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation CID. 1995. Plant canopy analyzer CI-100 manual. CID, Incorporated. Vancouver, WA. Decagon. 1994. Sunfleck ceptometer manual. Decagon, Incorporated. Pullman, WA. LICOR. 1991. LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer operating manual. LICOR, Incorporated. Lincoln, NE. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Anderson, M.C. 1964b. Studies of the woodland light climate I. The photographic computation of light condition. Journal of Ecology 52:27-41. Anderson, M.C. 1971. Radiation and crop structure. pp. 77-90. In: Z. Sestak, J. Catsky and P. G. Jarvis (eds). Plant Photosynthetic Production Manual of Methods. Junk. The Hague. Becker P., Erhart D.W., and A.P. Smith. 1989. Analysis Of Forest Light Environments .1. Computerized Estimation Of Solar-Radiation From Hemispherical Canopy Photographs. Agricultural And Forest Meteorology 44: (3-4) 217-232. Bonhomme, R., C. Varlet Granger, and P. Chartier. 1974. The use of hemispherical photographs for determining the leaf area index of young crops. Photosynthetica 8:299-301. Canham C.D., Denslow J.S., Platt W.J., Runkle J.R., Spies T.A., and P.S. White. 1990. Light Regimes Beneath Closed Canopies And Tree-Fall Gaps In Temperate And Tropical Forests. Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 20: (5) 620-631. Chazdon R.L. and C.B. Field. 1987. Photographic Estimation Of Photosynthetically Active Radiation - Evaluation Of A Computerized Technique. Oecologia 73: (4) 525-532. Chen, J.M. and J. Cihlar. 1995. Plant canopy gap size analysis theory for improving optical measurements of leaf area index. Applied Optics 34:(27) 6211- 6222. Chen, J.M. and T.A. Black. 1992. Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves. Plant, Cell and Environment 15:421-429. Chen, J.M., P.M. Rich, S.T. Gower, J.M. Norman, and S. Plummer. 1997. Leaf area index of boreal forests: theory, techniques, and measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102 (D24), 29429-29444. Chen, J.M., T.A. Black, and R.S. Adams. 1991. Evaluation of hemispherical photography for determining plant area index and geometry of a forest stand. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 56:129-143. Clark, D.B., D.A. Clark, P.M. Rich, S.B. Weiss, and S.F. Oberbauer. 1996. Landscape-scale evaluation of understory light and canopy structure: methods and application in a neotropical lowland rain forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26:747-757. Evans, G.D., and D.E. Coombe. 1959. Hemispherical and woodland canopy photography and the light climate. Journal of Ecology 47:103-113. Fournier, R.A., P.M. Rich, and R. Landry. 1997. Hierarchical characterization of canopy architecture for boreal forests. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102 (102), 29445-29454. Fournier, R.A., R. Landry, N.M. August, G. Fedosejevs, and R.P. Gauthier. 1996. Modeling Light Obstruction In Three Conifer Forests Using Hemispherical Photography And Fine Tree Architecture. Agricultural Forest Meteorology 82:47- 72. Fournier, R.A., P.M. Rich, Y.R. Alger, V.L. Peterson, R. Landry, and N.M. August. 1995. Canopy architecture of boreal forest: links between remote sensing and ecology. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Technical Papers 2:225-235. Galo, A.T., P.M. Rich, and J.J. Ewel. 1992. Effects of forest edges on the solar radiation regime in a series of reconstructed tropical ecosystems. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Technical Papers. pp 98-108. Gower, S.T. and J.M. Norman. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in forests using the LI-COR LAI-2000. Ecology 72:1896-1900. Hill, R. 1924. A lens for whole sky photographs. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 50:227-235. Landry, R., R.A. Fournier, R. Lang, and F.J. Ahern, 1997, Tree Vectorization: A method to describe tree architecture, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(2):91-107. Lang, A.R.G. 1986. Leaf area and average leaf angle from transmittance of direct sunlight. Australian Journal of Botany 34:349-355. Lang, A.R.G., R.E. McMurtrie, and M.L. Benson. 1991. Validity of surface area indices of Pinus radiata estimated from transmittance of the sun's beam. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 37:229-243. Lerdau, M.T., Holbrook, N.M., H.A. Mooney, P.M. Rich, and J.L. Whitbeck. 1992. Seasonal patterns of acid fluctuations and resource storage in the arborescent cactus Opuntia excelsa in relation to light availability and size. Oecologia 92:166-171. Lin, T., P.M. Rich, D.A. Heisler, and F.J. Barnes. 1992. Influences of canopy geometry on near-ground solar radiation and water balances of pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine woodlands. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Technical Papers, pp. 285-294. Miller, J.B. 1967. A formula for average foliage density. Australian Journal of Botany 15:141-144. Mitchell, P.L. and T.C. Whitmore. 1993. Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology: calculation of absolute amount of radiation beneath the canopy. Oxford Forestry Institute. Oxford, United Kingdom. Neumann, H.H. and R.H. Shaw. 1989. Leaf area measurements based on hemispheric photographs and leaf-litter collection in a deciduous forest during autumn leaf- fall. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 45:325-345. Norman, J.M. and G.S. Campbell. 1989. Canopy structure. In Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. R. W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H. A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel (eds). Chapman and Hall, New York, pp.301-326 Pearcy, R.W. 1989. Radiation and light measurements. pp.95-116. In: R.W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W.Rundel (eds), Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. Chapman and Hall. New York. Reifsnyder, W.E. 1967. Radiation geometry in the measurement and interpretation of radiation balance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 4:255- 265. Rich, P.M. 1988. Video image analysis of hemispherical canopy photography. In: First Special Workshop on Videography. P.W. Mausel (ed). American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Terre Haute, Indiana, May 19-20, 1988, pp. 84-95. Rich, P.M. 1989. A manual for analysis of hemispherical canopy photography. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-11733-M. Rich, P.M. 1990. Characterizing plant canopies with hemispherical photographs. In: Instrumentation for studying vegetation canopies for remote sensing in optical and thermal infrared regions, N.S. Goel and J.M. Norman(eds). Remote Sensing Reviews 5:13-29. Rich, P.M., D.A. Clark, D.B. Clark, and S.F. Oberbauer. 1993. Long-term study of solar radiation regimes in a tropical wet forest using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 65:107-127. Rich, P.M., J. Chen, S.J. Sulatycki, R. Vashisht, and W.S. Wachspress. 1995. Calculation of leaf area index and other canopy indices from gap fraction: a manual for the LAICalc software. Kansas Applied Remote Sensing Program Open File Report. Lawrence, KS. Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 94). Sellers, P.J., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): An overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76:1549-1577. Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPSDOC 96). Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (D24), 28,731-28,769. Turner, I.M. 1990. Tree seedling growth and survival in a Malaysian rain forest. Biotropica, 22:146-154. Turton, S.M. 1988. Solar radiation regimes in a north Queensland rainforest. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 15:101-105. Weiss, S.B., P.M. Rich, D.D. Murphy, W.H. Calvert, and P.R. Ehrlich. 1991. Forest canopy structure at overwintering monarch butterfly sites: measurements with hemispherical photography. Conservation Biology 5:165-175. Welles, J.M. 1990. Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure. Remote Sensing Reviews 5:31-43. 18. Glossary of Terms None. 19. List of Acronyms ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BOREAS -- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS -- BOREAS Information System CCD -- Charge-Coupled Device CCRS -- Canada Centre for Remote Sensing CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read Only memory DAAC -- Distributed Active Archive Center DSF -- Direct Site Factor EOS -- Earth Observing System EOSDIS -- EOS Data and Information System FIPAR -- Fraction of Intercepted PAR GEMLAB -- GIS and Environmental Modeling Laboratory GIS -- Geographic Information System GSFC -- Goddard Space Flight Center HTML - HyperText Markup Language IFC - Intensive Field Campaign ISF -- Indirect Site Factor KU -- University of Kansas LAI -- Leaf Area Index MIX - Mixed Wood NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983 NASA -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NSA -- Northern Study Area OA -- Old Aspen OBS -- Old Black Spruce OJP -- Old Jack Pine ORNL -- Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park PAR -- Photosynthetically Active Radiation RSS - Remote Sensing Science SSA -- Southern Study Area TE - Terrestrial Ecology TF - Tower Flux URL -- Uniform Resource Locator UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator YA -- Young Aspen YBS -- Young Black Spruce YJP -- Young Jack Pine 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date Written: 5-March-1997 Updated: 04-May-1999 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 4-May-1999 Science Review: 9-Dec-1998 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation The hemispherical photography data were collected for BOREAS by science team TE- 23 under the direction of P.M. Rich at the University of Kansas. Acknowledgments -- People: The hemispherical photograph data set was collected and analyzed for BOREAS under the direction of P.M. Rich at the University of Kansas. The dedicated efforts of Y.R. Alger and V.L. Peterson are acknowledged in collecting and preparing these data. P. Albu, D. Archer, C. Poschadel, D. Miller, W. Smith, and J. Vogel assisted with data acquisition, J. Chen of the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing collaborated in calculations, M. Apps of Forestry Canada provided logistical assistance and accommodations, and R.A. Fournier and N.M. August of the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing provided scientific input and field assistance. Acknowledgments -- Organizations/Funding Sources: This work was supported by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Forestry Canada, the Kansas Applied Remote Sensing Program, the Kansas Biological Survey, the Kansas Center for Computer Aided Systems Engineering, NASA grant NAG5-2358, and the University of Kansas Research Development and General Research Funds. 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords: Canopy Architecture Canopy Geometry FIPAR Fisheye FPAR Hemispherical Photography LAI Leaf Area Index Light PAR Photography Photosynthetically Active RadiationRegimes TE23_Canopy_Arch.doc 06/09/99