BOREAS TE-18, 30-m, Radiometrically Rectified Landsat TM Imagery Summary The BOREAS TE-18 team used a radiometric rectification process to produce standardized DN values for a series of Landsat TM images of the BOREAS SSA and NSA in order to compare images that were collected under different atmospheric conditions. The images for each study area were referenced to an image that had very clear atmospheric qualities. The reference image for the SSA was collected on 02-Sep-1994, while the reference image for the NSA was collected on 21-Jun- 1995. The 23 rectified images cover the period of 07-Jul-1985 to 18-Sep-1994 in the SSA and from 22-Jun-1984 to 09-Jun-1994 in the NSA. Each of the reference scenes had coincident atmospheric optical thickness measurements made by RSS-11. The radiometric rectification process is described in more detail by Hall et al. (1991). The original Landsat TM data were received from CCRS for use in the BOREAS project. The data are stored in binary image-format files. Due to the nature of the radiometric rectification process and copyright issues, these full resolution images may not be publicly distributed. However, a spatially degraded 60-m resolution version of the images is available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. See Sections 15 and 16 for information about how to possibly acquire the full resolution data. Information about the full- resolution images is provided in an inventory listing on the CD-ROMs. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TE-18, 30-m, Radiometrically Rectified Landsat TM Imagery 1.2 Data Set Introduction The TE-18 team used a radiometric rectification process (Hall et al., 1991) to produce standardized digital number (DN) values for a series of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Southern Study Area (SSA) and Northern Study Area (NSA). The processing was performed in order to compare images that were collected under different atmospheric conditions. The images for each study area were referenced to an image that had very clear atmospheric qualities. The reference image for the SSA was collected on 02-Sep-1994, while the reference image for the NSA was collected on 21-Jun- 1995. The images that were rectified range in date from 07-Jul-1985 to 18-Sep- 1994 in the SSA and from 22-Jun-1984 to 09-Jun-1994 in the NSA. Each of the reference scenes had coincident atmospheric optical thickness measurements made by Remote Sensing Science (RSS)-11. The original Landsat TM data were received from the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) for use in the BOREAS project. 1.3 Objective/Purpose This data product was created in order to provide scientists with a set of images that could be compared as if they were collected under the same atmospheric and illumination conditions. The radiometric rectification process was used to standardize the images for these differences so that the remaining differences in the imagery would be a result of real change in the vegetation. 1.4 Summary of Parameters The images contain DN values that were adjusted to the following reference scenes: SSA (WRS Path/Row 37/22-23) acquired 02-Sep-1994 NSA (WRS Path/Row 33/21) acquired 21-Jun-1995 1.5 Discussion Use and distribution of the full-resolution radiometrically rectified Landsat TM images are subject to copyright restrictions. CCRS and Radarsat International (RSI) granted permission to BOREAS to create and distribute spatially-degraded 60-m versions of the images on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. The full-resolution images may not be available for public access. Please see Sections 15 and 16 for further details. TE-18 created the radiometrically rectified imagery by: 1) Extracting pertinent header information from the level-3s or 3p image product 2) Performing radiometric rectification as described by Hall et al. (1991) 3) Reviewing the image bands for correctness. 4) Writing the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) header file and six image bands to tape. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS RSS-11 Ground Network of Sun Photometer Measurements BOREAS TE-18, 60-m, Radiometrically Rectified Landsat TM Imagery BOREAS Level-3s Landsat TM Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in LGSOWG Format BOREAS Level-3b Landsat TM Imagery: At-sensor Radiance in BSQ Format BOREAS Level-3p Landsat TM Imagery: Geocoded and Scaled At-sensor Radiance BOREAS Level-3s SPOT Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in LGSOWG Format 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Dr. Forrest G. Hall NASA GSFC 2.2 Title of Investigation Regional-Scale Carbon Flux from Modeling and Remote Sensing 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 ---------- Dr. Forrest G. Hall NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-2974 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Forrest.Hall@gsfc.nasa.gov Contact 2 ---------- David Knapp Raytheon ITSS NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-1424 (301) 286-0239 (fax) David.Knapp@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements The Landsat series of satellites began with the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) launched in July 1972. This satellite was renamed Landsat 1 in 1975 to reflect its primary use as a land resource observatory. Through its onboard instruments, Landsat monitors Earth's mountain ranges, deserts, forests, and crops by measuring the light waves they reflect. The second generation of Landsat satellites (4 and 5) marked a significant advance in remote sensing through the addition of the more sophisticated TM sensor, with higher spectral and spatial resolution, and faster data processing at a highly automated data processing facility at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, MD. For BOREAS, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) receiving station in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan collected the raw data. Processing of the raw data to the imagery used as input for the BOREAS level-3a processing was performed with the Geocoded Image Correction System (GICS; Friedel, 1992) at the CCRS facility in Ottawa, Canada. As Landsat's instrument mirrors scan Earth's surface, light enters the instrument optics, where it is focused on specially calibrated detector arrays. Onboard electronics encode the detector voltage as binary digits or bits. These digital image data are then relayed back to Earth to be processed into film and Computer-Compatible Tape (CCT) products, which are subsequently used for Earth resources analysis. The use of retrospective Landsat data presents considerable problems when it is necessary to account for the effects of sensor, atmosphere, and illumination differences over years or among acquisition dates within a year. For this reason, this data product was produced using the radiometric rectification procedure described by Hall et al. (1991). Radiometric rectification consists of two major components: (i) One component identifies radiometric control sets, i.e., scene landscape elements that have the same mean reflectance between acquisition dates. (ii) The second component rectifies the images using a linear transformation whose coefficients force the means of the radiometric control sets to be equal. 4. Equipment 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description The TM sensor system records radiation from seven bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. It has a telescope that directs the incoming radiant flux obtained along a scan line through a scan line collector to the visible and near-infrared focal plane, or to the mid-infrared and thermal-infrared cooled focal plane. The detectors for the visible and near-infrared bands (1 to 4) are four staggered linear arrays, each containing 16 silicon detectors. The two mid-infrared detectors are 16 indium-antimonide cells in a staggered linear array, and the thermal-infrared detector is a four-element array of mercury-cadmium-telluride cells. The spectral regions, band widths, and primary use of each channel are given in the following table: Channel Wavelength (µm) Primary Use ------- --------------- ------------------------------------------ 1 0.451 - 0.521 Coastal water mapping, soil vegetation differentiation, deciduous/coniferous differentiation. 2 0.526 - 0.615 Green reflectance by healthy vegetation. 3 0.622 - 0.699 Chlorophyll absorption for plant species differentiation. 4 0.771 - 0.905 Biomass surveys, water body delineation. 5 1.564 - 1.790 Vegetation moisture measurement, snow and cloud differentiation. 6 10.450 - 12.460 Plant heat stress measurement, other thermal mapping. 7 2.083 - 2.351 Hydrothermal mapping. Note: Channel 6 is not included in this radiometrically rectified data set. 4.1.1 Collection Environment The BOREAS Landsat TM level-3s and -3p images were acquired through the CCRS and used to create this radiometrically rectified product. Radiometric corrections and systematic geometric corrections are applied to produce the images in a path-oriented, systematically corrected form. The images in the radiometrically rectified data product were extracted as subsets from the original BOREAS Landsat full TM scenes. The ground resolution of the images is 30 m for bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 at nadir. The pixel values of the images can range from 0 to 255. This allows each pixel to be stored in a single-byte field. The level- 3s and level-3p images were processed through the CCRS Geocode Image Correction System (GICS). The Landsat satellite orbits Earth at an altitude of 705 km. 4.1.2 Source/Platform Although the majority of the BOREAS Landsat TM imagery was acquired by the instrument onboard Landsat-5, some images were acquired from the sensor onboard the Landsat-4 satellite. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives The Landsat TM is designed to respond to and measure both reflected and emitted Earth surface radiation to enable the investigation, survey, inventory, and mapping of Earth's natural resources. 4.1.4 Key Variables Reflected radiation, emitted radiation, temperature. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation The TM is a scanning optical sensor operating in the visible and infrared wavelengths. It contains a scan mirror assembly that directly projects the reflected Earth radiation onto detectors arrayed in two focal planes. The TM achieves better image resolution, sharper color separation, and greater in- flight geometric and radiometric accuracy for seven spectral bands simultaneously than the previous generation Landsat sensor, the MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS). Data collected by the sensor are beamed back to ground receiving stations for processing. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry The TM sensor depends on the forward motion of the spacecraft for the along- track scan and uses a moving mirror assembly to scan in the cross-track direction (perpendicular to the spacecraft). The instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) for each detector from bands 1-5 and band 7 is equivalent to a 30-m square when projected to the ground at nadir. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD 20771 Santa Barbara Remote Sensing (SBRS) 75 Coromar Dr. Goleta, CA 93117 4.2 Calibration The internal calibrator, a flex-pivot-mounted shutter assembly, is synchronized with the scan mirror, oscillating at the same 7-Hz frequency. During the turnaround period of the scan mirror, the shutter introduces the calibration source energy and a black direct-current restoration surface into the 100- detector field-of-view. The calibration signals for bands 1-5 and 7 are derived from three regulated tungsten-filament lamps. The method for transmitting radiation to the moving calibration shutter allows the tungsten lamps to provide radiation independently and to contribute proportionately to the illumination of all detectors. 4.2.1 Specifications Radiometric Band Sensitivity [NE(dP)]* ---- -------------------- 1 0.8% 2 0.5% 3 0.5% 4 0.5% 5 1.0% 7 2.4% Ground IFOV 30 m (Bands 1-5, 7) Avg. altitude 699.6 Km Data rate 85 Mbps Quantization levels 256 Orbit angle 8.15 degrees Orbital nodal period 98.88 minutes Scan width 185 km Scan angle 14.9 degrees Image overlap 7.6% Note: The radiometric sensitivities are the noise-equivalent (NE) reflectance differences for the reflective channels expressed as percentages [NE(dP)]. 4.2.1.1 Tolerance The TM channels were designed for an NE differential represented by the radiometric sensitivity shown in Section 4.2.1. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration The absolute radiometric calibration between bands on the TM sensor is maintained by using internal calibrators located between the telescope and the detectors that are sampled at the end of a scan. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information To reduce "striping," relative within-band radiometric calibration is provided by a scene-based procedure called histogram equalization. Because of the absolute accuracy and relative precision of this calibration scheme, it is assumed that any changes in the optics of the primary telescope or the "effective radiance" from the internal calibrator lamps are insignificant in comparison to the changes in detector sensitivity and electronic gain and bias with time and that the scene-dependent sampling is sufficiently precise for the required within-scan destriping from histogram equalization. Each TM reflective band and the internal calibrator lamps were calibrated prior to launch using lamps in integrating spheres that were in turn calibrated against lamps traceable to calibrated National Bureau of Standards lamps. The absolute radiometric calibration constants in the "short-term" and "long-term" parameter files used for ground processing were modified after launch if there was an inconsistency within or between bands, a change in the inherent dynamic range of the sensors, or a desire to make quantized and calibrated values from one sensor match those from another. The radiometric rectification process adjusted the DNs of the various images to the reference images of the SSA or NSA, amounting to calibration of the images to one of these two reference images. If the user wishes to compute surface reflectance for bands 3, 4, and 5 for any of these images, the following parameters should be used. These parameters were determined using aerosol optical thickness measurements at the time these reference scenes were collected. Refer to Markham et al. (1992) for more information on how to determine and use these parameters to compute surface reflectance. NSA (Reference Image: 21-Jun-1995, Path/Row 33/21) Band 1 2 3 4 5 7 Gain 0.6024 1.1751 0.8058 0.8145 0.1081 0.0570 Offset -1.52 -2.84 -1.17 -1.51 -0.37 -0.15 Spherical Albedo * * 0.05796 0.03068 0.00621 * Path Radiance * * 0.0215 0.00943 0.00117 * Gaseous Transmission * * 0.93057 0.90948 0.88199 * Scattering Transmission * * 0.92005 0.9536 0.98479 * Solar Zenith Angle 38.2° SSA (Reference Image: 02-Sep-1994, Path/Row 37/22-23) Band 1 2 3 4 5 7 Gain 0.6024 1.1751 0.8058 0.8145 0.1081 0.0570 Offset -1.52 -2.84 -1.17 -1.51 -0.37 -0.15 Spherical Albedo * * 0.0597 0.03094 0.00592 * Path Radiance * * 0.02349 0.01055 0.00154 * Gaseous Transmission * * 0.92918 0.92438 0.90494 * Scattering Transmission * * 0.90852 0.94451 0.98023 * Solar Zenith Angle 49.9° Note: The atmospheric parameters were not determined as part of the TE-18 research for bands 1, 2, and 7. For a given band, the at-sensor radiance of a pixel can be computed with the following equation: At-sensor radiance = DN * Gain + Offset 5. Data Acquisition Methods The BOREAS Landsat TM level-3s and -3p images that were used to create this product were acquired through the CCRS. Radiometric corrections and systematic or precision geometric corrections are applied to produce the images in a path- oriented form. A full TM image contains 6,920 pixels in each of 5,728 lines (see Section 11.2). The images in this data set are subsets of the full images covering the NSA or SSA. The pixel values of the images can range from 0 to 255. This allows each pixel to be stored in a single-byte field. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes None. 6.2 Field Notes Not applicable. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The Landsat TM images generally cover the SSA and the NSA, which are located in the southwest and northeast portions of the BOREAS region (Sellers and Hall, 1994). Each image in this data set covers a slightly different area, but each covers all or part of the NSA or SSA. The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not available. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution The pixel resolution is approximately 30 meters at nadir. 7.1.4 Projection The Landsat TM images are in a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection based on the NAD83. However, these images are not precisely registered in this projection. Any comparison of these images will require coregistration by the user. The level-3a georeferenced Landsat TM data can be used to create georeferenced images from these radiometrically rectified data. 7.1.5 Grid Description The grid spacing for each pixel in the Landsat TM images is 30 m in the UTM projection. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage This data set contains 23 images collected from 22-Jun-1984 to 18-Sep-1994. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map The following two lists provide dates for all the radiometrically rectified TM images that are available from BOREAS. Date Study Area ----------- ---------- 07-Jul-1985 SSA 11-Aug-1986 SSA 30-Aug-1987 SSA 04-Sep-1989 SSA 06-Aug-1990 SSA 05-May-1991 SSA 06-Jun-1991 SSA 24-Jul-1991 SSA 09-Aug-1991 SSA 10-Sep-1991 SSA 07-Jun-1994 SSA 23-Jun-1994 SSA 25-Jul-1994 SSA 18-Sep-1994 SSA Date Study Area ----------- ---------- 22-Jun-1984 NSA 19-Aug-1985 NSA 15-Aug-1986 NSA 01-Jun-1988 NSA 08-Jun-1988 NSA 20-Aug-1988 NSA 05-Sep-1988 NSA 25-Jul-1990 NSA 09-Jun-1994 NSA 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution The strategy for the radiometrically rectified images was to obtain the best temporal sequence of images over 10 years and to get good coverage of the growing season in one particular year. The tables in Section 7.2.2 reflect this strategy. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (te18ls30.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (te18ls30.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity The smallest unit of data that can be ordered from these radiometrically rectified data is a single image. 8.2 Data Format(s) The image inventory contain numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in the companion data definition file (te18ls30.def). Each image in this data set consists of seven files, one ASCII header file and 6 binary image files. FILE 1 (80 byte ASCII text records) Header file indicating acquisition date and time, Path/Row, Pixels per line, and Number of lines. FILES 2 - 7 (A band-sequential (BSQ) set of files containing radiometrically rectified Landsat TM bands 1 to 5 and 7, respectively.) - Each pixel value is in units of digital counts (see Section 11.2). - Each image is oriented so that pixel 1, line 1 is in the upper left-hand corner (i.e., northwest) of the screen display. Pixels and lines progress left to right and top to bottom so that pixel n, line n is in the lower right-hand corner. The characteristics for each image are: Number Number Of Of Date Pixels Lines Study Area 30-Aug-1987 4096 3072 SSA 18-Sep-1994 4096 3072 SSA 04-Sep-1989 4096 3072 SSA 11-Aug-1986 4096 3072 SSA 06-Aug-1990 4096 3072 SSA 07-Jun-1994 2048 3072 SSA 25-Jul-1994 2048 3072 SSA 23-Jun-1994 2048 3072 SSA 07-Jul-1985 4096 3072 SSA 09-Aug-1991 4096 3072 SSA 24-Jul-1991 4096 3072 SSA 06-Jun-1991 4096 3072 SSA 10-Sep-1991 4096 3072 SSA 05-May-1991 4096 3072 SSA 15-Aug-1986 4096 2560 NSA 19-Aug-1985 2668 2560 NSA 20-Aug-1988 4096 2560 NSA 05-Sep-1988 4096 2560 NSA 25-Jul-1990 4096 2560 NSA 22-Jun-1984 4096 2560 NSA 08-Jun-1988 2668 2560 NSA 09-Jun-1994 2668 2560 NSA 01-Jun-1988 4096 2560 NSA 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms See Hall et al. (1991). 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps TE-18 created the radiometrically rectified Landsat TM images by: 1) Selecting scenes for the period of interest (mid-1980’s to mid-1990’s). 2) Selecting a clear reference scene for the NSA and SSA. 3) For each scene to be rectified, selecting a radiometric control set from the nonvegetated extremes of the Kauth-Thomas (KT) greenness-brightness distribution function. This is done by identifying pixels with both low greenness and low or high brightness extremes. 4) Calculating radiometric transformation from the subject image to the reference image. This linear function can be determined by finding the mean of the dark targets and the mean of the bright targets. 5) Processing each band of the image with the derived radiometric transformation, producing a radiometrically rectified image. 6) Writing the files to tape. The selection of a radiometric control set is designed to identify the brightest and darkest scene reflectors whose reflectance can be expected to remain within very narrow ranges over time. This set of landscape elements or pixels do not necessarily occupy the same scene coordinates over time, as do geometric control points for spatial image rectification. Instead, the radiometric control sets are selected to occupy equivalent positions in the radiometric distribution of each image, namely the "nonvegetated" extremes of the two-dimensional distribution function in the KT greenness-brightness plane. The basis for this approach is as follows. We know that if a scene has nonvegetated landscape elements, then they will be represented by pixels that are the "least" green of the KT greeness-brightness histogram for that scene. Such pixels are usually water bodies, bare rock outcrops, roads, or bare fields. Of the image features available for rectification, water and bare rock will have the least variation in reflectance with time. Please refer to Hall et al. (1991) for detailed information about the radiometric rectification process. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments None. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error Errors could arise in the acquired imagery from location inaccuracy, distortion of lengths, anisomorphism, the instrument's local coherence, and multispectral registrability. Other errors could arise from inherent radiometric imperfections of the sensors. The rectification transforms will be inexact to the extent that there is noise in the determination of the radiometric control points. Other sources of error can include biases introduced by radiometric control points with reflectance that is not constant from image to image or nonlinearity of the radiance values between images. 10.2 Quality Assessment 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source Whatever the processing level, the geometric quality of the image depends on the accuracy of the viewing geometry and the ground control points as required to adjust the viewing geometry model. Spectral errors could arise from image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes, and response normalization caused by change in gain. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment Assessment of accuracy of the absolute radiometric constants in the original imagery is difficult. The uncertainties in prelaunch and postlaunch updates of the absolute TM calibration constants are nominally specified to be less than 10%. A root mean square summing of known errors in the prelaunch calibration suggests that this may be a reasonable estimate of overall uncertainty in the prelaunch calibration. There are also known, but as yet uncorrected, effects associated with temperature-dependence of the TM internal calibrator that may be contributing to apparent discontinuous changes at launch and to the continuous changes of gain while in orbit. Additional uncertainties for exoatmospheric reflectances are probably less than 2% in the visible/near-infrared and less than 5% in the shortwave infrared portion of the spectrum as judged by the current differences in estimates of the solar irradiance. Since the radiometric rectification process derives atmospheric characteristics from another image, it will most likely produce errors that are larger than exist within an image for which the atmospheric optical thickness was measured directly. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters Not available. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments In the original Landsat TM data, the ability to reproduce coincident TM and ground measurements made for five dates at White Sands, NM, to about 5% for bands 1-4 suggests a potential for monitoring sensor change for the system with time. The images were screened for cloud cover before BOREAS Information System (BORIS) processing. The images have a minimum of cloud cover over the study areas. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center BORIS staff checked the image files by visually inspecting them on a display screen and reading the ASCII header files for correctness. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data Some images had clouds and other atmospheric features that made it difficult to identify targets for radiometric rectification. In cases where the atmosphere is not homogenous across the image, the radiometric rectification may not adequately account for atmospheric variation between images. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data See Section 11.1. 11.3 Usage Guidance Please read the entire contents of this document before using the data. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None. 12. Application of the Data Set The radiometrically rectified Landsat TM images are useful for anyone interested in high spatial resolution imagery over the entire NSA or SSA. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description None. 14.2 Software Access None. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 15.2 Procedures for Obtaining Data Due to the nature of the radiometric rectification process and copyright issues, these full resolution images may not be publicly distributed. However, a spatially degraded 60-m resolution version of the images is available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.3 Output Products and Availability Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC's anonymous FTP site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes, or diskettes. The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled "Collected Data of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study", edited by Newcomer, J., et al., NASA, 1999, are also available. 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products These data can be made available on 8-mm, Digital Archive Tape (DAT) media. 16.2 Film Products None. 16.3 Other Products None. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation Multispectral Scanner System for ERTS. 1972. HS324-5214. Hughes Aircraft Corporation. Santa Barbara, CA. User's Guide for Landsat Thematic Mapper Computer-Compatible Tapes. 1985. Earth Observation Satellite Company. Lanham, MD. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Byrne, G.F., P.F. Crapper, and K.K. Mayo. 1980. Monitoring land-cover change by principal component analysis of multitemporal Landsat data. Remote Sens. Environ. 10:175-184. Chavez, P.C., S.C. Guptill, and J.A. Bowell. 1984. Image processing techniques for Thematic Mapper data. Technical Papers. 50th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Soc. of Photogr. 2:728-743. Crist, E.P. and R.C. Cicone. 1984. Application of the Tasseled Cap concept to simulated Thematic Mapper data. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens. 50:343-352. Engel, J.L. and O. Weinstein. 1983. The Thematic Mapper: An Overview. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-21:258-265. Friedel, J. 1992. System description of the Geocoded Image Correction System. Report GC-MA-50-3915, MacDonald Detwiller and Associates, Richmond, B.C. Hall, F.G., D.E. Strebel, J.E. Nickeson, and S.J. Goetz. 1991. Radiometric Rectification: Toward a Common Radiometric Response Among Multidate, Multisensor Images. Remote Sens. Environ. 35:11-27. Holmes, R.A. 1984. Advanced sensor systems: Thematic Mapper and beyond. Remote Sens. Environ. 15:213-221. Kanemasu, E.T., J.L. Heilman, J.O. Bagley, and W.L. Powers. 1977. Using Landsat data to estimate evapotranspiration of winter wheat. Environmental Management. 1:515-520. Lulla, K. 1983. The Landsat satellites and selected aspects of Physical Geography. Progress in Phy. Geogr. 7:1-45. Malila, W.A. 1985. Comparison of the Information Contents of Landsat TM and MSS Data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 51:1449-1457. Markham, B.L., R.N. Halthorne, and S.J. Goetz. 1992. Surface reflectance retrieval from satellite and aircraft sensors: Results of sensor and algorithm comparisons during FIFE. Journal of Geophysical Research 97(D17): 18,785- 18,795. Pollock, R.B. and E.T. Kanemasu. 1979. Estimating leaf-area index of wheat with Landsat data. 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List of Acronyms ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System BPI - Byte per inch BSQ - Band Sequential CCRS - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing CCT - Computer Compatible Tape CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center DAT - Digital Archive Tape DN - Digital Number EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System ERTS - Earth Resources Technology Satellite FPAR - Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation GICS - Geocoded Image Correction System GPS - Global Positioning System GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center IFOV - Instantaneous Field-of-View KT - Kauth-Thomas LAI - Leaf Area Index LGSOWG - Landsat Ground Station Operations Working Group LTWG - LGSOWG Technical Working Group MSS - Multispectral Scanner NAD27 - North American Datum of 1927 NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983 NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NE - Noise Equivalent NSA - Northern Study Area NTS - National Topographic System ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park RSI - Radarsat International RSS - Remote Sensing Science SBRC - Santa Barbara Research Center SBRS - Santa Barbara Remote Sensing SSA - Southern Study Area TE - Terrestrial Ecology TM - Thematic Mapper URL - Uniform Resource Locator UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator WWW - World Wide Web 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Dates Written: 08-Oct-1998 Last Updated: 08-Dec-1998 20.2 Document Review Dates BORIS Review: 03-Dec-1998 Science Review: 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation This data product was produced by the TE-18 team from Landsat TM data used in the BOREAS project. The Landsat TM images resulted from a joint development and processing effort between BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) staff at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The original level-3s and -3p data were acquired by CCRS and processed by RADARSAT International under an agreement with CCRS. The respective contributions of the above individuals and agencies to completing this data set are greatly appreciated. 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords LANDSAT LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER EMITTED RADIATION REFLECTED RADIATION RADIOMETRIC RECTIFICATION TE18_Rad_Rectif_30m.doc 01/13/99