BOREAS TE-10 Leaf Chemistry Data
Summary
The BOREAS TE-10 team collected several data sets in support of its efforts to
characterize and interpret information on the reflectance, transmittance, gas
exchange, chlorophyll content, carbon content, hydrogen content, and nitrogen
content of boreal vegetation. This data set describes the relationship between
sample location, age, chlorophyll content, and C-H-N concentrations at several
sites in the SSA conducted during the growing seasons of 1994 and 1996. The
data are stored in tabular ASCII files.
Table of Contents
1 Data Set Overview
2 Investigators
3 Theory of Measurements
4 Equipment
5 Data Acquisition Methods
6 Observations
7 Data Description
8 Data Organization
9 Data Manipulations
10 Errors
11 Notes
12 Application of the Data Set
13 Future Modification and Plans
14 Software
15 Data Access
16 Output Products and Availability
17 References
18 Glossary of Terms
19 List of Acronyms
20 Document Information
1. Data Set Overview
1.1 Data Set Identification
BOREAS TE-10 Leaf Chemistry Data
1.2 Data Set Introduction
This data set describes the relationship between sample location, age
photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll A (chla), Chlorophyll B (chlb), and
Carotenoid (carot)) and foliar Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen (C-H-N) concentrations
in canopies from the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Southern Study
Area (SSA) - Old Black Spruce (SSA-OBS), Old Jack Pine (SSA-OJP), Young Jack
Pine (SSA-YJP), Old Aspen (SSA-OA), Old Aspen Auxiliary (OA-AUX), Young Aspen
(YA), and Young Aspen Auxiliary (YA-AUX) sites. Chlorophyll pigments and foliar
C-H-N concentrations were examined as part of an effort to characterize
differences between species, seasons (spring, summer, and fall), stand age, leaf
position, and age at the BOREAS SSA sites. Samples were taken at seven
locations in the SSA: SSA-OBS, SSA-OJP, YJP, YA, YA-AUX, OA-AUX) and SSA-OA
during each of the three Intensive Field Campaigns (IFCs) in 1994. Samples were
taken at five locations in the SSA: SSA-OBS, SSA-OJP, YJP, YA-AUX, and OA-AUX
during each of the three seasons in 1996. This information will be useful for
understanding variation in the gas exchange rates.
Measurements of chlorophyll and C-H-N concentration were made in the laboratory.
A spectrophotometer was used to assess chlorophyll content and a Carbon-
Hydrogen-Nitrogen-600 (CHN-600) Elemental Analyzer system was used to obtain
foliar C-H-N concentrations.
1.3 Objective/Purpose
The purposes of this work were to:
1) Obtain a canopy profile of chlorophyll absorptance and C-H-N concentrations.
2) Examine interspecific and interseasonal differences in these parameters.
3) Relate these differences to the photosynthetic measurements.
1.4 Summary of Parameters
Each data record includes the chla, chlb, carot, C/N ratio, C, N, and H.
1.5 Discussion
Chlorophyll pigment absorptances and C-H-N concentrations were measured in the
laboratory on the dominant broadleaf and coniferous woody plant species growing
at SSA-OBS (Picea mariana and Larix laricina), SSA-OJP (Pinus banksiana and
Apocynum androsaemifolium), SSA-YJP (Pinus banksiana), YA (Populus tremuloides
and Corylus cornuta Marsh), and YA-AUX (Populus tremuloides, Corylus cornuta
Marsh, and Picea glauca), and the sites SSA-OA and OA-AUX (Populus tremuloides
and Corylus cornuta Marsh) in the SSA of the boreal forest. Dogbane (Apocynum
androsaemifolium) was an understory species at the SSA-OJP site. Tamarack (Larix
laricina) was another species located at SSA-OBS, and hazelnut (Corylus cornuta
Marsh) was an understory species at YA, YA-AUX, OA,and OA-AUX. Picea glauca was
collected as a cospecies at the YA-AUX site.
1.6 Related Data Sets
BOREAS TE-09 NSA Leaf Chlorophyll Density
BOREAS TE-09 NSA Photosynthetic Capacity and Foliage Nitrogen Data
BOREAS TE-09 PAR and Leaf Nitrogen Data for NSA Species
BOREAS TE-10 Leaf Optical Properties
2. Investigator(s)
2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title
Dr. Elizabeth Middleton, Project Scientist
Dr. Joseph Sullivan, Assistant Professor
2.2 Title of Investigation
CO2 and Water Fluxes in the Boreal Forest Overstory: Relationship to fAPAR and
Vegetation Indices for Needles/Leaves
2.3 Contact Information
Contact 1:
Elizabeth M. Middleton, Ph.D.
Biospheric Sciences Branch
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-8344
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
betsym@ltpsun.gsfc.nasa.gov
Contact 2:
Joe H. Sullivan, Ph.D.
Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
(301) 405-1626
(301) 314-9308 (fax)
botn9@umdd.umd.edu
Contact 3:
Andrea Papagno
Raytheon STX Corporation
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-3134
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
apapagno@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov
Contact 4:
Shelaine Curd
Raytheon STX Corporation
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-2447
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
shelaine.curd@gsfc.nasa.gov
3. Theory of Measurements
Photosynthetic pigment concentrations were calculated using established
equations that estimate concentration as a function of absorptance of foliar
extracts at specific wavelengths. C and H were determined by
infrared analysis of the combusted sample. N was determined by thermal
conductivity.
4. Equipment
4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description
CHN-600 Elemental Analyzer System 785-500 (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI).
LI-COR Area Meter (LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska).
In 1994, a Beckman DU-600 spectrophotometer was used in the laboratory at the
University of Saskatchewan to determine chlorophyll absorptance.
In 1994 and 1996, a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 3 Double Beam Spectrophotometer was used
in the laboratory at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) to
determine chlorophyll absorptance.
4.1.1 Collection Environment
The vertical profile of the canopy was divided into three layers: top, middle,
and bottom. White spruce (Picea glauca) and tamarack (Larix laricina) had only
one top layer measured. White spruce was located at YA-AUX. Tamarack was an
understory species at the SSA-OBS. At SSA-OA and YA sites, there was a hazelnut
(Corylus cornuta Marsh) understory that was measured during each IFC in 1994.
At the SSA-OJP, the understory species dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) was
measured during IFC-2 in 1994.
Gas exchange measurements and sample collections were made from platform canopy
access towers constructed onsite by BOREAS staff at the SSA-OBS, OA, OA-AUX, and
SSA-OJP sites, and from the ground at the YJP, YA, and YA-AUX sites. Data were
obtained during three discrete measurement periods (one to two measurement days
each period) designated as the spring, summer, and fall seasons (IFC-1, -2, and
-3).
These seasons were selected to measure parameters at bud break and leaf
expansion (24-May-1994 to 12-Jun-1994 and 21-April-1996 to 24-June-1996), during
midsummer or peak growing season (26-Jul-1994 to 08-Aug-1994 and 10-July-1996 to
17-July-1996), and at the onset of dormancy and senescence in autumn (30-Aug-
1994 to 15-Sept-1994 and 20-October-1996 to 31-October-1996). Measurements were
made on leaves and needles from the upper, middle, and lower canopy sections of
the trees adjacent to the canopy access towers at SSA-OJP, SSA-OA, OA-AUX, and
SSA-OBS, and on the young trees present near the flux tower sites at SSA-YJP,
YA, and YA-AUX. For Pinus banksiana, measurements were made on each needle
class present. In the 1994 measurement year, needle age classes measured were
1994, 1993, and 1992. In the 1996 measurement year, needle age classes measured
were 1996, 1995, and 1994. For Picea glauca, age classes 1 (1994) and 2 (1993)
were measured in 1994. In 1996, age classes 1 (1996) and 2 (1995) were measured
for Picea glauca. In 1994, for Picea mariana, the newest age class (1994
needles) was measured alone, while needles 2 and 3 years old (1993 and 1992
needles) were combined in one measurement, as were 4 and 5 year old needles
(1991 and 1990 needles). In 1996, for Picea mariana, the newest age class (1996
needles) was measured alone, while needles 2 and 3 years old (1995 and 1994
needles) were combined in one measurement, as were 4 and 5 year old needles
(1993 and 1992 needles).
At least eight replicate measurements and sample collection per season, canopy
location, and age group were made for each species. These activities took place
on trees that were accessible from the canopy access towers (approximately four
trees, with two upper and lower branches measured per tree) at the SSA-OBS, SSA-
OJP, OA_AUX, and SSA-OA sites and on the same number of trees each season at the
SSA-YJP, YA, and YA-AUX sites.
Sample leaves and stems with needles were sealed in plastic bags with moist
towels and placed on ice for transport to the laboratory for further analysis.
The laboratory was provided by BOREAS staff in Paddockwood, Saskatchewan (SK),
approximately 60 km from the research sites. Each sample was divided into two
components, with one portion used for measurement of oxygen evolution (1994
only) and photosynthetic pigments, and the remaining material used for analysis
of leaf optical properties and N content.
At the laboratory, samples were stored in the dark in the refrigerator until
they were measured. Laboratory measurements included quantitative properties,
oxygen evolution (1994 only), and optical properties. A foliar disk sample 2.73
cm in diameter was taken from each of the broadleaf samples for optical
properties and then placed in a closed vial of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the
dark. A mass of needles, 10-20 count, chopped, was taken from the conifers for
optical properties and then placed in a closed vial of DMSO in the dark. The
sample pieces remained in DMSO until all of the photosynthetic pigments had been
extracted. The rest of the samples were dried in an oven at 70 �F for three
days. The samples in DMSO were of a known weight (grams) and/or hemisurface
area (cm2). The dried samples were weighed in grams using a balance and then
transported to the Maryland Soils Laboratory. In 1994, after the chlorophyll
was extracted in IFC-1, the chlorophyll absorptances were measured at the
spectrophotometer lab at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. The drained
tissue samples were dried in an oven at 70 �F for three days and then weighed in
grams. During IFCs-2 and -3 in 1994, and in 1996 , the DMSO sample vials were
transported to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) lab in
Beltsville, Maryland. The drained tissue samples were dried in an oven at 70 �F
for three days and then weighed in grams.
In 1994:
Absorptance was measured at 470 nm, 640 nm, 648 nm, and 750 nm with a dual-beam
spectrophotometer (Beckman DU-600 or Perkin-Elmer Lambda 3) for the calculation
of chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations by the equations of Lichtenthaler
(1987) modified for DMSO by Chappelle and Kim (1992). Chemical analysis of
tissue C-H-N was conducted at the University of Maryland by the Maryland Soil
Testing Laboratory using a CHN-600 Elemental Analyzer System (LECO Corp., St.
Joseph, MO).
chl formula:
chla = 12.15 A664 nm - 2.79 A648 nm (1)
chlb = 21.5 A648 nm - 5.1 A664 nm (2)
carot = (1000 A470 nm - 1.82 chla - 85.02 chlb)/198 (3)
where A nm = absorptance at the specified wavelength
Refer to Lichtenthaler, 1987, and Chappelle and Kim, 1992, in the reference
section.
Spectral absorptances were measured at several wavelengths (700, 664, 648, and
470 nm) and used in these equations (Lichtenthaler, 1987 and Chappelle and Kim,
1992) to calculate pigment content for chla, chlb, and carot. These formulae
calculate pigment content as �g/ml, assuming 1 ml of solvent for the pigment
extraction. Pigment content expressed as �g/cm2 was determined by multiplying
these values by a factor made up of the actual volume of the extraction divided
by the one-sided projected leaf area of the sample (e.g., 4 ml/2.5 cm2). When
expressed on the basis of sample dry weight, the correction factor was the
actual volume of the extraction divided by the sample dry weight (e.g., 4
ml/0.025 g). Values were reported to the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) as
either �g/cm2 (broadleaves, some conifers) or mg/g (conifers).
In 1996:
Absorptance was measured at several wavelengths (750, 674, 646, 510, 490, and
470 nm) with a dual-beam spectrophotometer (Beckman DU-600 or Perkin-Elmer
Lambda 3) for the calculation of chlorophyll (chl) and carotenoid concentrations
by the equations of Lichtenthaler (1987) modified for DMSO by Chappelle and Kim
(1992). Chemical analysis of tissue CHN was conducted at the University of
Maryland by the Maryland Soil Testing Laboratory using a C-H-N-600 Elemental
Analyzer System (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MO).
chl formula:
chla = 22.9422 A674 nm (4)
chlb = 25.30382 A646 nm - 16.1909 A674 nm (5)
carot = (1000 A470 nm - 1.82 chla- 85.02 chlb)/198 (6)
where A nm = absorptance at the specified wavelength
Refer to Lichtenthaler, 1987, and Chappelle and Kim, 1992, in the reference
section.
Spectral absorptances were measured at several wavelengths (750, 674, 646, 510,
490, and 470 nm) and used in these equations (Lichtenthaler, 1987, and Chappelle
and Kim, 1992) to calculate pigment content for chla, chlb, and carotenoid.
These formulae calculate pigment content as �g/ml, assuming 1 ml of solvent for
the pigment extraction. Pigment content expressed as �g cm-2 was determined by
multiplying these values by a factor made up of the actual volume of the
extraction divided by the one-sided projected leaf area of the sample (e.g., 4
ml/2.5 cm2). When expressed on the basis of sample dry weight, the correction
factor was the actual volume of the extraction divided by the sample dry weight
(e.g., 4 ml/0.025 g). Values were reported to BORIS as either �g/cm2
(broadleaves, some conifers) or mg/g (conifers).
Chemical analysis of tissue C-H-N was conducted at the University of Maryland.
by the Maryland Soil Testing Laboratory using a CHN-600 Elemental Analyzer
System (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MO). At the soils laboratory, the dried samples
were ground. A coffee mill was used to grind the conifer samples. A mortar and
pestle were used to grind the broadleaf samples. To have enough sample mass to
perform the C-H-N measurements, some samples had to be combined with other
samples from different trees, but of the same age class. These combined samples
are shown in the data file. Samples were weighed using an analytical balance,
and then processed in the Elemental Analyzer. C-H-N concentrations in each
sample were expressed as a percentage of the sampled mass.
4.1.2 Source/Platform
Samples were taken from towers except at SSA-YJP, SSA-YA, and SSA-YA-AUX, and
were cut using knives. Chlorophyll absorptances and C-H-N concentrations were
measured in the laboratory.
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives
The towers were constructed to supply a means of accessing the tree canopies.
4.1.4 Key Variables
Chla, Chlb, and carot per gram dry weight
Chla, Chlb, and carot per centimeter squared (cm2) hemisurface area
C/N ratio
C, H, and N milligrams (mg) per gram (g) dry weight
Pigment content was reported as either mg/g or �g/cm2 unless both values were
obtained.
4.1.5 Principles of Operation
Photosynthetic pigment concentrations were calculated using established
equations (see Section 4.1.1, equations 1-6) that estimate concentration as a
function of absorptance of foliar extracts at specific wavelengths. Carbon and
hydrogen were determined by infrared analysis of the combusted sample. Nitrogen
was determined by thermal conductivity.
4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Geometry
All instrumentation took place under laboratory conditions.
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument
Beckman DU Series 600 Spectrophotometer
Beckman Instruments
Laboratory Automation Operations
90 Boroline Road
Allendale, NJ 07401
(201) 818-8900
(201) 818-9740 (fax)
CHN-600 Elemental Analyzer System 785-500
LECO Corporation
St. Joseph, MI
USA
LI-COR Area Meter
For 1994: Model Number 3100
For 1996: Model Number 3000A, Portable
LI-COR, Inc.
4421 Superior Street
P.O. Box 4425
Lincoln, NE 68504-0425
USA
(402) 467-3576
(402) 467-2819 (fax)
Perkin Elmer Lambda 3 Double-Beam Spectrophotometer
Perkin-Elmer Corp.
761 Main Avenue
Norwalk, CT 06859
USA
1 (800) 762-4000
4.2 Calibration
The C-H-N analyzer was calibrated at the start of every day.
The spectrophotometer was calibrated between each sample run against a blank
standard which was a quartz cuvette filled with the solvent (DMSO). The leaf
area meter was calibrated before each use with a 10 cm disk.
Measurements of weight (mass) were reset to zero before each sample reading.
4.2.1 Specifications
The weighing balance was accurate to 0.01 g.
The analytical balance was accurate to 0.0001 g.
The leaf area meter was accurate to within 1.00 %.
4.2.1.1 Tolerance
No tolerance level was set.
4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration
The spectrophotomter was calibrated between each sample run. The leaf area and
balances were calibrated every time they were turned on, two to four times a
day.
The CHN analyzer was calibrated at the start of every day of measurement.
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information
None.
5. Data Acquisition Methods
On the towers at OA, OA-AUX, SSA-OBS, SSA-YJP, and SSA-OJP, top samples were
taken from the top tower level, middle samples from the middle level, and bottom
samples from the bottom tower level. At YA-AUX and YA, top samples were taken
from the upper 1/3, middle samples from the middle 1/3, and bottom samples from
the lower 1/3 part of the trees. At white spruce, only a top layer was sampled.
At SSA-OJP, there was a dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) understory during
IFC-2 in 1994. AtOA and YA, there was a hazelnut (Corylus cornuta Marsh)
understory. At SSA-OBS, there was a tamarack (Larix laricina) understory. Stems
(with needles) and leaf samples were harvested from each layer and immediately
placed within a plastic bag that also contained a moist towel. For transport to
the laboratory, the bags were placed in a cooler. For black spruce, age classes
1, 2 and 3 were separated from ages 4 and 5, until analysis was performed at the
laboratory. For jack pine, age classes 1, 2, and 3 were separated in the field
before being brought to the laboratory. For white spruce, age class 1 was
separated from age classes 2 and 3, which were separated from 4 and 5. Petiols
were kept on all the broadleaves. At the laboratory, samples were stored in the
dark in the refrigerator until they were measured.
6. Observations
Nothing out of the ordinary.
6.1 Data Notes
None.
6.2 Field Notes
None.
7. Data Description
7.1 Spatial Characteristics
7.1.1 Spatial Coverage
At the SSA-OJP, SSA-OBS, OA, and OA-AUX tower sites, branch samples were taken
from trees within reach from all sides of the towers. There were no towers at
the other sites. At each site, at least five trees that had the required layers
for that site.
The SSA measurement sites and associated North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83)
coordinates are:
OA canopy access tower located 100 m up the path to the flux tower site, site id
C3B7T, Lat/Long: 53.62889� N, 106.19779� W, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Zone 13, N:5,942,899.9 E:420,790.5.
OA-AUX canopy access tower located by the trailhead/parking area for the path
leading to the flux tower at site id C3B7T, Lat/Long: 53.62889� N, 106.19779� W,
UTM Zone 13, N:5,942,899.9 E:420,790.5 This OA-AUX site was farther up the path
than SSA-OA from the flux tower site.
SSA-OBS canopy access tower located at the flux tower site, site id G8I4T,
Lat/Long: 53.98717� N, 105.11779� W, UTM Zone 13, N:5,982,100.5 E;492,276.5.
SSA-OJP canopy access tower flux tower site, site id G2L3T, Lat/Long: 53.91634�
N, 104.69203� W, UTM Zone 13, N:5,974,257.5 E:520,227.7.
YA canopy access tower, site id D0H4T, Lat/Long: 53.65601� N, 105.32314� W, UTM
Zone 13, N:5,945,298.9, E:478,644.1.
YA-AUX, site id D6H4A, Lat/Long: 53.708� N, 105.315� W, UTM Zone 13,
N:5,951,112.1, E:479,177.5.
SSA-YJP flux tower site, site id F8L6T, Lat/Long: 53.87581� N, 104.64529� W, UTM
Zone 13, N:5,969,762.5 E:523,320.2.
Please note that at SSA YA-AUX, black spruce, jack pine, aspen, balsam
fir, balsam poplar, tamarack, hazelnut, were present and several other shrub and
herbaceous species.
7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map
Not available.
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution
These data are point source measurements at the given locations.
7.1.4 Projection
Not applicable.
7.1.5 Grid Description
Not applicable.
7.2 Temporal Characteristics
7.2.1 Temporal Coverage
Samples were collected from the field every day from 8 a.m. 3 p.m. An
independent data set was taken at each of the field campaigns in 1994 and 1996.
The specific dates for each collection of samples are given in the data table.
7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map
Site Species Sample Dates (1994)
IFC-1 IFC-2 IFC-3
SSA-OBS black spruce 01-JUN 28-JUL to 01-AUG 13-SEP
SSA-OA-AUX aspen 03-AUG 02-SEP
SSA-OA-AUX hazelnut 03-AUG 02-SEP
SSA-OJP jack pine 31-MAY 25-JUL 06-SEP
SSA-OJP dogbane 25-JUL
SSA-OA aspen 30-MAY,11-JUN 21-JUL 15-SEP
SSA-OASP hazelnut 26-MAY,11-JUN 21-JUL 15-SEP
SSA-YA-AUX aspen 25-MAY
SSA-YJP jack pine 26-MAY,07-JUN 22-JUL to 23-JUL 08-SEP
SSA-YA-AUX white spruce 31-JUL to 01-AUG 11-SEP
SSA-YA aspen 04-JUN 30-JUL 02-SEP,12-SEP
SSA-YA hazelnut 04-JUN 30-JUL 02-SEP,12-SEP
Site Species Sample Dates (1996)
Spring Summer Fall
SSA-OBS black spruce 10-MAY 14-JUL 11-OCT
SSA-OBS black spruce 19-JUN
SSA-OBS black spruce 21-JUN
SSA-OBS tamarack 17-JUL 10-OCT
SSA-OJP jack pine 18-JUN 11-JUL 13-OCT
SSA-OJP jack pine 23-JUN
SSA-OA-AUX aspen 24-JUN 17-JUL
SSA-OA-AUX hazelnut 24-JUN 17-JUL
SSA-YJP jack pine 8-MAY TO 9-MAY 12-JUL 12-OCT
SSA-YJP jack pine 23-JUN 15-JUL
SSA-YA-AUX white aspruce 8-MAY 10-JUL 10-OCT
SSA-YA-AUX white aspruce 20-JUN
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution
In general each site was sample multiple times at irregular intervals during the
year.
7.3 Data Characteristics
Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file
(te10lfch.def).
7.4 Sample Data Record
Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (te10lfch.def).
8. Data Organization
8.1 Data Granularity
The Leaf Chemistry Data are contained in three datasets.
8.2 Data Format(s)
The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe
marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in
the companion data definition file (te10lfch.def).
9. Data Manipulations
9.1 Formulae
1994 chl formula:
chla = 12.15 A664 nm - 2.79 A648 nm
chlb = 21.5 A648 nm - 5.1 A664 nm
carot = (1000 A470 nm - 1.82 chla - 85.02 chlb)/198
where A nm = absorptance at the specified wavelength
Refer to Lichtenthaler, 1987, and Chappelle and Kim, 1992, in the reference
section.
Spectral absorptances were measured at several wavelengths (700, 664, 648, and
470 nm) and used in these equations (Lichtenthaler, 1987, and Chappelle and Kim,
1992) to calculate pigment content for chla, chlb, and carot. These formulae
calculate pigment content as �g/ml, assuming 1 ml of solvent for the pigment
extraction. Pigment content expressed as �g/cm2 was determined by multiplying
these values by a factor made up of the actual volume of the extraction divided
by the one-sided projected leaf area of the sample (e.g., 4 ml/2.5 cm2). When
expressed on the basis of sample dry weight, the correction factor was the
actual volume of the extraction divided by the sample dry weight (e.g., 4-
ml/0.025-g). Values were reported to BORIS as either �g/cm2 (broadleaves, some
conifers) or mg/g (conifers).
1996 chl formula:
chla = 22.9422 A674 nm
chlb = 25.30382 A646 nm - 16.1909 A674 nm
carot = (1000 A470 nm - 1.82 chla - 85.02 chlb)/198
where A nm = absorptance at the specified wavelength
Refer to Lichtenthaler, 1987, and Chappelle and Kim, 1992, in the reference
section.
Spectral absorptances were measured at several wavelengths (750, 674, 646, 510,
490, and 470 nm) and used in these equations (Lichtenthaler, 1987, and Chappelle
and Kim, 1992) to calculate pigment content for chla, chlb, and carotenoid.
These formulae calculate pigment content as �g/ml, assuming 1 ml of solvent for
the pigment extraction. Pigment content expressed as �g cm-2 was determined by
multiplying these values by a factor made up of the actual volume of the
extraction divided by the one-sided projected leaf area of the sample (e.g., 4
ml/2.5 cm2). When expressed on the basis of sample dry weight, the correction
factor was the actual volume of the extraction divided by the sample dry weight
(e.g., 4 ml/0.025 g). Values were reported to BORIS as either �g/cm2
(broadleaves, some conifers) or mg/g (conifers).
9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms
See Section 9.1.
9.2 Data Processing Sequence
9.2.1 Processing Steps
Data were recorded automatically by a computer and printed on a printer or saved
to a diskette. Subsequent calculations were performed using Quattro Pro 6.0 for
Windows 3.1.
9.2.2 Processing Changes
None.
9.3 Calculations
See Section 9.1.
9.3.1 Special Corrections/AdJustments
None.
9.3.2 Calculated Variables
See Section 9.1.
9.4 Graphs and Plots
None.
10. Errors
Errors are primarily caused by variation in researcher measurement techniques
and in instrumentation. The data have received a quality review by Terrestrial
Ecology (TE)-10 personnel, and the errors have been removed.
10.1 Sources of Error
Errors are primarily caused by variation in researcher measurement techniques,
the acquisition of measurements by multiple persons, and instrumentation
variation. The data have received a quality review by TE-10 personnel, and all
known sources of calculation errors have been corrected.
10.2 Quality Assessment
Data have received a quality review by TE-10 personnel.
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source
Comparisons were made with other BOREAS results and with published results.
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment
None available, but it is felt that these data are accurate.
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters
Not available.
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments
Calculated results were plotted, and the plots were compared with those from
published papers.
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center
Data were examined for general consistency and clarity.
11. Notes
11.1 Limitations of the Data
None.
11.2 Known Problems with the Data
None.
11.3 Usage Guidance
None.
11.4 Other Relevant Information
None.
12. Application of the Data Set
These data can be used to assess the relationship between sample location,
sample age, chlorophyll content, and C-H-N concentrations.
13. Future Modifications and Plans
None.
14. Software
14.1 Software Description
Calculations were performed using Quattro Pro 6.0 for Windows 3.1. This document
was prepared using Microsoft Word 5.1a and 6.0 for the Macintosh and Microsoft
Word 6.0 for Windows.
14.2 Software Access
Contact the commercial vendors.
15. Data Access
15.1 Contact Information
Ms. Beth Nelson
BOREAS Data Manager
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-4005
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov
15.2 Data Center Identification
See Section 15.1.
15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax.
15.4 Data Center Status/Plans
The TE-10 leaf chemistry data are available from the EOSDIS ORNL DAAC
(Earth Observing System Data and Information System) (Oak Ridge National
Laboratory) (Distributed Active Archive Center). The BOREAS contact at
ORNL is:
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov
16. Output Products and Availability
16.1 Tape Products
None.
16.2 Film Products
None.
16.3 Other Products
Tabular American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) files.
17. References
17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation
Located at the Soils Lab at the Department of Natural Resources Science at the
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742:
C-H-N-600 Elemental Analyzer System 785-500 Manual. LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI.
Located at BARC:
Perkin-Elmer Lambda 3 Double Beam Spectrophotometer Manual. 1988. Perkin-Elmer
Corp.. 761 Main Avenue, Norwalk, CT 06859.
For 1994:
LI-3100 LI-COR Area Meter Manual. Publication number 8805-0055, June 1988 LI-
COR, Inc., 4421 Superior Street, P.O. Box 4425, Lincoln, NE 68504-0425.
For 1996:
LI-3000A LI COR Portable Area Meter Manual., Publication number 8805-0055, June
1988. LI-COR, Inc., 4421 Superior Street, P.O. Box 4425, Lincoln, NE, 68504-
0425.
17.2 Journal Article and Study Reports
Anderson, C.P., S.B. McLaughlin, and W.K. Roy. 1991. Foliar injury
symptoms and pigment concentrations in red spruce saplings in the southern
Appalachians. Can. J. For. Res. v21 n7: 1106-1110.
Chappelle, E.W. and M.S. Kim. 1992. Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra
(RARS): an algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentration of
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in soybean leaves. Remote Sens.
Environ. V39: 239-247.
Kharouk, V.I., E.M. Middleton, S.L, Spensor, B.N. Rock, and D.L. Williams.
1995. Aspen bark photosynthesis and its significance to remote sensing and
carbon budget estimates in the boreal ecosystem. Water, Air and Soil Pollution.
V82: 483-497.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylla and carotenoids: pigments of
photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, v148: 350-382.
Middleton, E.M., E.W. Chappelle, and A.DeLuca. 1995. Evaluating photosynthesis
in Boreal forest species with fluorescence measurements. IGARSS 1995.
Middleton, E.M., J.H. Sullivan, B.D. Bovard, A.J. DeLuca, S.S.Chan, and T.A.
Cannon. 1997. Seasonal variability in foliar characteristics and physiology for
Boreal forest species at the five Saskatchewan tower sites during the 1994
Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). J. Geophys. Res. 102 (D24): 28,
831-844.
Schneckenburger, H. and W. Schmidt. 1995. Time-resolved chlorophyll
fluorescence of spruce needles after different light exposure. Plant Physiol.
V148: 593-598.
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS REPORT (EXPLAN 94).
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS REPORT (EXPLAN 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS REPORT (OPS DOC 94).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS REPORT (OPS DOC 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J.
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E.
Wickland. 1995. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): an overview and
early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society. V76: 1549-1577.
Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M.
Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J.
Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams,
B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment
Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical
Research 102 (D24): 28,731-28,770.
Sullivan, J.H., B.D. Bovard, and E. M. Middleton, 1996. Variability in leaf-
level CO2 and water fluxes in Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana in Saskatchewan.
Tree Physiol. V17: 553-561.
17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation
None.
18. Glossary of Terms
A nm - Absorptance at a Specified Wavelength (nm)
C - Carbon
carot - Carotenoid
chla - Chlorophyll A
chlb - Chlorophyll B
C-H-N - Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen
DMSO - Dimethyl sulfoxide
H - Hydrogen
N - Nitrogen
19. List of Acronyms
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BARC - Beltsville Agricultural Research Center
BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
BORIS - BOREAS Information System
DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center
DMSO - Dimethyl Sulfoxide
EOS - Earth Observing System
EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center
IFC - Intensive Field Campaign
NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NSA - Northern Study Area
OA-AUX - Old Aspen-Auxiliary
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PANP - Prince Albert National Park
SSA - Southern Study Area
SSA-OA - SSA Old Aspen
SSA-OBS - SSA Old Black Spruce
SSA-OJP - SSA Old Jack Pine
SSA-YJP - Young Jack Pine
TE - Terrestial Ecology
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
USDA - United States Department of Agriculture
UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator
WS - White Spruce
YA - Young Aspen
YA-AUX - Young Aspen-Auxiliary
20. Document Information
20.1 Revision Date
Written: 01-OCT-1997.
Last updated: 08-OCT-1998.
20.2 Document Review Date(s)
BORIS Review: 08-JUL-1998
Science Review: 03-AUG-1998
20.3 Document ID
20.4 Citation
Middleton, E.M., of the Biospheric Sciences Branch, GSFC, NASA, and Sullivan, J.
H., of the Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture,
University of Maryland, College Park.
20.5 Document Curator
20.6 Document URL
Keywords
Chlorophyll Pigments
Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen
Carotenoid
TE10_Leaf_Chem.doc
10/09/98