BOREAS Level-0 NS001 TMS Images: Digital Counts in BIL Format Summary For BOREAS, the NS001 TMS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, was collected in order to provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes detailed land cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fPAR and LAI. Data collections occurred over the study areas during the 1994 field campaigns. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS Level-0 NS001 TMS Images: Digital Counts in BIL Format 1.2 Data Set Introduction The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities that were BOREAS community-level activities or required uniform data collection procedures across sites and time. These activities included the acquisition, processing, and archiving of eight-band NS001 Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data collected on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) C-130 aircraft. The NS001 provided spectral image data very similar to that of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). 1.3 Objective/Purpose The BOREAS Staff Science effort covered those activities that were BOREAS community-level activities or required uniform data collection procedures across sites and time. These activities included the acquisition, processing, and archiving of eight-band NS001 TMS MSS data collected on NASA's C-130 aircraft. For BOREAS, the NS001 TMS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, was collected in order to provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes detailed land cover and biophysical parameter maps such as fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fPAR), and Leaf Area Index (LAI). 1.4 Summary of Parameters NS001 level-0 image data in the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) contain the following parameters: Original housekeeping and calibration information and image bands 1 to 8 in the Ames Research Center (ARC) Band Interleaved by Line (BIL) format. 1.5 Discussion BORIS staff processed the NS001 TMS level-0 images by: 1) Extracting pertinent header information from the level-0 image product and placing it in an American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) file on disk. 2) reading the information in the disk file and loading the online data base with needed information. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS Level-0 C-130 Navigation Data BOREAS Level-0 C-130 Aerial Photography BOREAS Level-1b ASAS Images BOREAS Level-1b MAS Images BOREAS Level-0 TIMS Images BOREAS Level-1b TIMS Images 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title BOREAS Staff 2.2 Title of Investigation BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 ------------------- Jeffrey S. Myers NASA/Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA (415) 604-6253 (415) 604-4987 (fax) jmyers@mail.arc.nasa.gov Contact 2 ------------------- Jeffrey A. Newcomer NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-7858 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements The NASA Earth Resources Aircraft Program at ARC operates the C-130 aircraft to acquire data for Earth science research. The NS001 MSS used on the C-130 aircraft collects radiance measurements in the seven Landsat-4 and -5 TM bands plus a band from 1,000 to 1,300 nm. Therefore, when reflected or emitted radiation from Earth surface features is measured from the aircraft, inferences can be made about Landsat satellite measurements. Thematic considerations have dictated, within technical constraints, the choice of spectral band position and width in the NS001 sensor. Eight bands were selected, seven of which correspond to Landsat TM bands. These bands were chosen after many years of analysis for their value in discrimination of several Earth surface features. A blue (0.45 to 0.52 µm) band provides increased penetration of water bodies as well as supporting analyses of land use, soil, and vegetation characteristics. The lower wavelength cutoff is just below the peak transmittance of clear water, while the upper wavelength cutoff is the limit of blue chlorophyll absorption for healthy green vegetation. Wavelengths below 450 nm are substantially influenced by atmospheric scattering and absorption. A green (0.52 to 0.60 µm) band spans the region between the blue and red chloro- phyll absorption bands and therefore corresponds to the green reflectance of healthy vegetation. A red (0.63 to 0.69 µm) band includes the chlorophyll absorption band of healthy green vegetation and represents one of the most important bands for vegetation discrimination. The latter is also useful for soil and geological boundary delineations. A reflective-infrared (0.76 to 0.90 µm) band is especially responsive to the amount of vegetation biomass present in a scene. It is useful for crop identification and emphasizes soil-crop and land- water contrasts. Two of the three mid-infrared (1.00 to 1.30µm; 1.55 to 1.75 µm) bands are sensi- tive to the turgidity or amount of water in plants. Such information is useful in crop drought studies, and in plant vigor investigations. In addition, these are two of the few bands that can be used to discriminate between clouds, snow, and ice, which is very important in hydrologic research. The other mid-infrared band (2.08 to 2.35 µm) is important for the discrimination of geologic rock formations. It has been shown to be particularly effective in identifying zones of hydrothermal alteration in rocks. Finally, is the thermal infrared (10.4 to 12.5 µm) band measures the amount of infrared radiant flux emitted from surfaces. The apparent temperature is a function of the emissivities and true or kinetic temperature of the surface. It is useful for geothermal activity location, thermal inertia mapping for geologic investigations, vegetation classification, vegetation stress analysis, and soil moisture studies. 4. Equipment 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description The NS001 TMS instruments are designed to simulate spectral, spatial, and radiometric characteristics of the TM sensor on the Landsat-4 and -5 spacecraft. The NS001 is generally flown at medium altitudes aboard NASA's C-130 aircraft based at ARC and provides 12.2 meter resolution at nadir at an altitude of 4,878 meters (16,000 feet). The NS001 sensor differs slightly from the Landsat TM instruments. It has seven spectral channels that are very similar to those of the TM sensor, but has an additional infrared channel, as follows: Comparable NS001 Channel Wavelength, µm Landsat TM Band ------------- -------------- --------------- 1 0.45-0.52 1 2 0.52-0.60 2 3 0.63-0.69 3 4 0.76-0.90 4 5 1.00-1.30 - 6 1.55-1.75 5 7 2.08-2.35 7 8 10.40-12.5 6 4.1.1 Collection Environment As part of the BOREAS Staff Science data collection effort, the ARC Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch collected and processed eight-band NS001 TMS MSS data to BOREAS level-0 products. The NS001 was flown on NASA's C-130 aircraft during the BOREAS mission (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and objectives). Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of ARC. The C-130 Experimentor's Handbook (supplemental) produced by the Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch at ARC provides a description of the instrument, calibration procedures, and data format. Data from the Level-0 tapes provided by ARC can be decoded based on the contents of the handbook. NS001 data may be intentionally overscanned; e.g., operated at some integral multiple of the desired scan rate and then subsampled in preprocessing. The subsampling factor is reported under the label "demagnification factor." 4.1.2 Source/Platform NASA's C-130 Earth Resources Aircraft. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives The original purpose of the scanner was to provide low-altitude data in the Landsat TM bands for analysis prior to the launch of the satellite, and to provide calibration information from under-flights subsequent to the launch of the satellite. 4.1.4 Key Variables Emitted radiation, reflected radiation, and temperature. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation Design parameters of the NS001 are based on the specifications of the Landsat TM with respect to spectral band characteristics. A single spectrometer disperses the energy to cover the first six bands from 0.45 µm to 1.75 µm. An array, employing silicon, germanium, and indium antimonide detectors, is used. Band 7 is separated by a dichroic bandpass filter. Band 8, in the 10.4 µm to 12.5 µm region, is detected by a cooled mercury-cadmium-telluride detector. Variable velocity over height (V/H) conditions are compensated by a variable speed motor that drives the scan mirror. Each channel uses a preamplifier to provide initial video amplification. Gain and level control of video signals are adjustable from the operator's control panel. Each channel is digitized to an 8-bit resolution and is multiplexed with calibration and housekeeping data. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry Instantaneous Field-of-View (IFOV) 2.5 mrad Total Scan Angle 100 degrees Pixels/Scan Line 699 Sensor footprint is 12.2 m by 12.2 m at nadir at 4,878 meters altitude. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument NASA/Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, TX Lockheed Electronics Company, Inc. Systems and Services Division Houston, TX 4.2 Calibration The NS001 includes two full-aperture blackbodies and one integrating sphere within the scan mirror cavity. They are viewed each scan by the instrument and the responses are embedded in the data stream. Blackbody temperatures and lamp current data are multiplexed with scanner output data. The blackbody irradiance is determined by its monitored temperature and estimated emissivity. The blackbodies are also cross-checked periodically by comparing the NS001 responses to the blackbodies and an external precision blackbody. The internal sphere is calibrated by reference to an external light source. The principal source used for calibrating the internal sphere for BOREAS in 1994 was a 76 cm diameter integrating sphere owned by ARC, and calibrated by the Standards and Calibration Office at GSFC. The sphere contains 12 internally mounted quartz halogen lamps. Estimated uncertainty in the calibration of the sphere is +/-5%. The April 1994 calibration of the sphere was used to calibrate the internal calibration source in the NS001 in 1994. 4.2.1 Specifications The wavelength ranges (in µm) of the bands for the NS001 are: Band Detector Wavelength Noise Equivalent (NE) (delta P) % ------ -------- -------- ----------------------------- 1 Si 0.458 - 0.519 0.5 2 Si 0.529 - 0.603 0.5 3 Si 0.633 - 0.697 0.5 4 Si 0.767 - 0.910 0.5 5 Ge 1.13 - 1.35 1.0 6 Ge 1.57 - 1.71 1.0 7 InSb 2.10 - 2.38 2.0 8 HgCdTe 10.9 - 12.3 NE(delta T) = 0.25 K DESIGN DATA: IFOV 2.5 mrad Across-track FOV 100 degrees Nominal aperture diameter 10.16 cm Effective aperture area 72.4 cm2 f/number 1.85 Primary focal length 18.8 cm Inflight calibration Integrating sphere and two controllable blackbodies Short wavelength array temperature 255 K V/H range Variable 0.025 to 0.25 Scan rate Variable 10 to 100 scans/sec. Scan speed stability One-third of the IFOV, scan line to scan line Data quantization 8 bits (256 discrete levels) Number of video samples/scan line 699 Roll compensation +/-15 degrees Scan mirror 45-degree rotating mirror 4.2.1.1 Tolerance The NS001 channels were designed for NE reflectance differences for the channels, represented by the radiometric sensitivity [NE(delta P) %; NE(delta T) K] shown in Section 4.2.1. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration An integrating sphere and two controllable thermal blackbodies (BB1 and BB2) are integral to the NS001 scanner. Each is viewed once during a complete revolution of the scan mirror. The two thermal blackbodies are principally used to span the recorded thermal image thereby providing a scaling factor for the measured data. The surface of BB 2 is also used to provide the tare value (darkest object viewed per sweep) for the seven nonthermal detectors. Tare value is artificially set above zero counts (e.g., 8-10 counts) to compensate for any system drift. For BOREAS, one of the black-bodies is used for the internal lamp offset. The average of the two black-bodies is used for the scene offset. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information 4.2.3.1 Reflective Band Calibration The BB2 View is used for the internal source offset i.e., the gain is calculated in effect as: Gain = (Ref. Lamp View - BB2 View) / Ref. Lamp Spectral Radiance The reference lamp spectral radiance is determined by preseason calibration relative to the integrating sphere. The apparent scene spectral radiance in Watts/(m2 sr µm) can then be calculated as: (pixel value - (BB1 View + BB2 View) / 2) / Gain 4.2.3.2 Thermal Band Calibration GSFC Gain (G), Offset (O), as found in the header summary file(s) are calculated as follows: a) Calculate blackbody radiances, Lw(mW/cm2-sr-µm) (assume emissivity=1) for BB1 and BB2 temperatures T(K) e.g. For example: Lw,bb1 = [K1 / (exp(K2/Tbb1)-1)] where, K1 = 607.05 W/cm2-sr-um K2 = 1258.39 K K1, K2 were "best fit" parameters for the temperature range of 273-323 K using the 8/87 NS001 spectral data and the Planck equation. b) G = [(BB2 View - BB1 View) / (Lw,BB2 - Lw,BB1)] (DN/mW/cm2-sr-um) O = BB1 View - G * Lw,BB1 (DN) Target Radiance (Lw) can then be calculated as: (pixel value - O) / G and at-sensor apparent temperature as: T = [K2 / (ln(K1/Lw + 1)] 5. Data Acquisition Methods As part of the BOREAS Staff Science data collection effort, ARC Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch collected and processed 8-band NS001 TMS MSS data to BOREAS level-0 products. The NS001 was flown on NASA's C-130 aircraft during the BOREAS mission (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and objectives). Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of ARC. The C-130 Experimentor's Handbook (supplemental) produced by the Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch at ARC provides a description of the instrument, calibration procedures, and data format. Data from the level-0 tapes provided by ARC can be decoded based on the contents of the handbook. NS001 data may be intentionally overscanned e.g., operated at some integral multiple of the desired scan rate and then subsampled in preprocessing. The subsampling factor is reported under the label "demagnification factor." 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes See Section 11. 6.2 Field Notes Flight summary reports and verbal records on videotapes are available for the BOREAS NS001 data. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics The BOREAS level-0 NS001 TMS images cover portions of the Northern Study Area (NSA) and the Southern Study Area (SSA). A few images were acquired for the transect area between the SSA and the NSA. The SSA and the NSA are located in the southwest and northeast portions of the overall BOREAS region. 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not available. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution Typical altitudes for BOREAS were around 5,000 m, producing a 12.5-m pixel at nadir given the NS001's 2.5-mrad IFOV. 7.1.4 Projection The BOREAS level-0 NS001 images are stored in their original data collection frame with increasing pixel sizes from nadir to the scanning extremes based on the scan angle. 7.1.5 Grid Description The BOREAS level-0 NS001 images are stored in their original data collection frame with increasing pixel sizes from nadir to the scanning extremes based on the scan angle. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage The data were collected during BOREAS' three Intensive Field Campaigns (IFCs), covering the period from 24-May-1994 through 19-Sep-1994. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map IFC# Dates ----- -------------------------- FFC-T 16-Apr-1994 -- 20-Apr-1994 IFC-1 26-May-1994 -- 08-Jun-1994 IFC-2 21-Jul-1994 -- 08-Aug-1994 IFC-3 06-Sep-1994 -- 17-Sep-1994 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution Images were acquired on multiple days during each of the IFC's. 7.3 Data Characteristics A level-0 NS001 image from BORIS is contained in a single file. Each record of a level-0 NS001 data file contains 6,000 bytes. The number of records in a file varies depending on the length of the flight line. Detailed information about the contents of the data file is provided in Section 8 of this document. Data characteristics of the image inventory file are defined in the companion data definition file (ns001bil.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record A sample data record for the level-0 NS001 images is not available here. Sample data records for the image inventory file are defined in the companion data definition file (ms001bil.def). 8. Data Organization Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-0 NS001 images are not. See section 15 for information about how to obtain the data. 8.1 Data Granularity All of the BOREAS Level-0 NS001 TMS Images: Digital Counts in BIL Format data are contained in one dataset. 8.2 Data Format(s) The image inventory listing file consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms None. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps BORIS staff processes the level-0 NS001 image by: 1) Extracting pertinent header and calibration information from the level-0 image product and writing it to a disk file. 2) Reading the information in the disk file and loading the online data base with needed information. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments None. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error The NS001 data are calibrated in-flight by reference to the NS001 internal integrating sphere source. Apparent instabilities in this source or its monitoring circuitry, which are not fully understood, are the principal limiting factors in the absolute calibration of NS001 data. Uncertainties caused solely by this behavior reached 25% in 1987, though more typically they are expected to be less than 15%. Other identified error sources at the 1-2% level for typical signals include dark current drift along the scan line, hysteresis-like sensitivity changes along the scan line, random noise, scan-speed-induced errors, and nonlinearity of radiance with wavelength. Channel 7 (2.08-2.35 µm) shows a number of peculiarities that are hysteresis-like, including a change in the apparent dark current drift along scan with scene brightness and a drop in sensitivity in scanning across a bright target of an estimated 8% over the total 100-degree scan angle. Polarization sensitivity of the NS001 was such that for typical atmospheric conditions, errors in channel 1 (0.45-0.52 µm) radiances would be up to +/-10% and vary with scan angle; this progressively decreases with increasing wavelength (Markham and Ahmad 1990). 10.2 Quality Assessment 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source Spectral errors could arise from image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes, and response normalization caused by a change in gain. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgement System optical focus is continually monitored by close observation of the apparent sharpness and resolution of objects appearing in scenes after data processing. Although this is somewhat subjective, the approach has proved to be a viable alternative compared to the classical resolution measurement method. The latter method requires removing the scanner system from the C-130 airplane with subsequent setup. This is not a practical option during the flying/deployment portion of the year. However, any observed focus degradation would be corrected by focus adjustment. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters The NE spectral radiance for the channels ranges from 0.08 to 2.77 microwatts per square cm. Uncertainties caused by the behavior of the internal integrating sphere reached 25% in 1987, though more typically they are expected to be less than 15%. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center None, other than reviewing the values extracted from the tape files and loaded in the data base. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data To date, the following discrepancies/problems have been noted in the data: Certain values in the header information, such as MEAN FRAME STATUS, MEAN and STDV GSFC, and AMES GAIN and OFFSETS, especially for bands 7 and 8, were outside the valid range for these parameters. Such values, when found, were entered into the BORIS data base as the number -99.0, or -999.0 depending on the data base field width. The problem appears to occur at random. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data None. 11.3 Usage Guidance The NS001 data are not geometrically corrected. The data contain both panoramic distortion, as a function of the 100-degree total FOV, as well as other spatial perturbations induced by a moving aircraft. 11.4 Other Relevant Information Two in-flight adjustments are made that affect the radiometric calibration of the reflective channels. The primary adjustment is to the postamplifier gain of each channel. This is adjusted with a channel-specific potentiometer before and between data acquisitions to optimize the spread of the data across the range of the A/D converter (8 bits). The gain settings are continuously variable and are not directly recorded in the data; they are inferred from changes in the instrument response to the integrating sphere. The second adjustment is for scan speed, which is adjusted between 10 and 85 scans per second to maintain contiguous scan lines, or some multiple of contiguous lines if contiguity is not maintainable at the altitude required for data collection. Typical altitudes for BOREAS in 1994 were 5,000 m, which produced 12.5-m pixels at nadir given the NS001's 2.5-mrad IFOV. Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-0 NS001 images are not. See section for information about how to acquire the actual level-0 NS001 images. 12. Application of the Data Set Not available. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None. The NS001 instrument was decommissioned in October 1995. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description BORIS staff developed software and command procedures for: 1) Extracting header information from level-0 NS001 TMS images on tape and writing it to ASCII files on disk, 2) Reading the ASCII disk file and logging the level-0 NS001 image products into the Oracle data base tables. 14.2 Software Access The software is written in C and is operational on VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100 systems at GSFC. The primary dependencies in the software are the tape I/O library and the Oracle data base utility routines. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson BOREAS Data manager NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) beth@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See Section 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The level-0 NS001 image data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products The BOREAS level-0 NS001 TMS data can be made available on 8-mm, Digital Archive Tape (DAT), or 9-track tapes at 6250 or 1600 Bytes Per Inch (BPI). 16.2 Film Products Color aerial photographs and video records were made during data collection. The video record includes aircraft crew cabin intercom conversations and an audible tone that was initiated each time the sensor was triggered. The BOREAS data base contains an inventory of available BOREAS aircraft flight documentation, such as flight logs, videotapes, and photographs. 16.3 Other Products Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-0 NS001 images are not. See section 15 for information about how to obtain the data. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation Operations Manual - NS001 Multispectral Scanner. 1977. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Flight Center. Document # JSC 12715. NASA. 1990. C-130 Earth Resources Aircraft Experimenter's Handbook. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, California. Airborne Instrumentation Research Project - Flight Summary Reports for Flight No. 94-004-09 to 94-009-09 or April 16, 1994 to September 19, 1994. NASA Ames Research Center. Airborne Missions and Applications Division. Moffett Field, California. 94035. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Ahmad, S.P., and B.L. Markam. 1992. Radiometric Calibration of a Polarization- Sensitive Sensor. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 97:18,815-18,827. Hall, F.G., P.J. Sellers, I. McPherson, R.D. Kelly, S. Verma, B. Markham, B. Blad, J. Wang, and D.E. Strebel. 1989. FIFE: Analysis and Results - A Review, Adv. Space Res. 9(7):275-293. Markam, B.L., F.M. Wood, Jr., and S.P. Ahmad. 1988. Radiometric calibration of the reflective bands of NS001-Thematic Mapper Simulator and Modular Multispectral Radiometers. In: Recent Advances in Sensors, Radiometry and Data Processing for Remote Sensing. Proc. SPIE Vol. 924, Bellingham, WA. pp. 96-108. Markam, B.L. and S.P. Ahmad. 1990. Radiometric properties of the NS001 Thematic Mapper Simulator aircraft multispectral scanner. Remote Sens. Environ., 34:133- 149. Newcomer, J.A., S.J. Goetz, D.E. Strebel, and F.G. Hall. 1989. Image processing software for providing radiometric inputs to land surface climatology models. IGARSS '89. 12th Can. Symp. on Remote Sensing, pp. 1779-1782. Richard, R.R., R.F. Merkel, and G.R. Meeks. 1978. NS001MS - Landsat-D Thematic Mapper Band Aircraft Scanner. In: Proc. 12th Int. Sym. Remote Sens. Environ. pp. 719-728. Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J.Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results and future directions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D24): 28,731-28,770. Strebel, D.E., S.J. Goetz, and F.G. Hall. 1987. Atmospheric correction of NS001 data and extraction of multiple angle reflectance data sets. In: Proc. 21st Int. Sym. Remote Sens. Environ., ERIM, Ann Arbor, MI., pp. 939-948. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation The collected data of the BOREAS are currently archived at NASA/GSFC. 18. Glossary of Terms None. 19. List of Acronyms ARC - Ames Research Center ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BIL - Band Interleaved by Line BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System BPI - Byte per inch CCRS - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing CCT - Computer Compatible Tape CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center DAT - Digital Archive Tape DN - Digital Number EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System ERTS - Earth Resources Technology Satellite FIFE - First ISLSCP Field Experiment FFC - Focused Field Campaign FoV - Field-of-View fPAR - fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radation GICS - Geocoded Image Correction System GMT - Greenwich Mean Time GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center IFC - Intensive Field Campaign IFOV - Instantaneous Field-of-View ISLSCP - International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project LAI - Leaf Area Index MSS - Multispectral Scanner NAD83 - North American Datum (1983) NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NE - Noise Equivalent NSA - Northern Study Area ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park PRT - Precision Radiation Thermometer SSA - Southern Study Area TAT - Total Air Temperature TM - Thematic Mapper TMS - Thematic Mapper Simulator URL - Uniform Resource Locator 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date(s) Written: 09-Jun-1995 Last Updated: 08-Jan-1998 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 03-Jan-1997 Science Review: 09-May-1997 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation The BOREAS Level-0 NS001 TMS data were collected and processed from the original aircraft tapes by personnel of the Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch at NASA ARC. Their contributions to providing this data set are greatly appreciated. 20.5 Document Curator Unknown. 20.6 Document URL Keywords C-130 EMITTED RADIATION NS001 NS001 TMS REFLECTED RADIATION THEMATIC MAPPER SIMULATOR TMS NS001_L0.doc 04/17/98