BOREAS Level-3p Landsat TM Imagery: Geocoded and Scaled At-sensor Radiance
Summary:
For BOREAS, the level-3p Landsat TM data were used to supplement the level-3s
Landsat TM products. Along with the other remotely sensed images, the Landsat
TM images were collected in order to provide spatially extensive information
over the primary study areas. This information includes radiant energy,
detailed land cover, and biophysical parameter maps such as FPAR and LAI.
Although very similar to the level-3s Landsat TM products, the level-3p images
were processed with ground control information which improved the accuracy of
the geographic coordinates provided. Geographically, the level-3p images cover
the BOREAS NSA and SSA. Temporally, the four images cover the period of 20-Aug-
1988 to 07-Jun-1994. Except for the 07-Jun-1994 image which contains 7 bands,
the other three only contain 3 bands.
Table of Contents
* 1 Data Set Overview
* 2 Investigator(s)
* 3 Theory of Measurements
* 4 Equipment
* 5 Data Acquisition Methods
* 6 Observations
* 7 Data Description
* 8 Data Organization
* 9 Data Manipulations
* 10 Errors
* 11 Notes
* 12 Application of the Data Set
* 13 Future Modifications and Plans
* 14 Software
* 15 Data Access
* 16 Output Products and Availability
* 17 References
* 18 Glossary of Terms
* 19 List of Acronyms
* 20 Document Information
1. Data Set Overview
1.1 Data Set Identification
BOREAS Level-3p Landsat TM Imagery: Geocoded and Scaled At-sensor Radiance
1.2 Data Set Introduction
The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered
those activities that were BOREAS community-level activities, or required
uniform data collection procedures across sites and time. These activities
included the acquisition of the relevant satellite data. Data from the Landsat
Thematic Mapper (TM) instruments on the Landsat satellites were acquired by the
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) and provided for use by BOREAS
researchers.
1.3 Objective/Purpose
For BOREAS, the Landsat TM imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images,
was collected in order to provide spatially extensive information over the
primary study areas. This information includes detailed land cover and
biophysical parameter maps such as biomass, Fraction of Photosynthetically
Active Radiation (FPAR), and Leaf Area Index (LAI).
1.4 Summary of Parameters
Landsat TM level-3p data in the BORIS contains the following parameters:
Original image header information, image coordinates, gains and offsets for each
band for at-sensor radiance derivations, image bands 3, 4, 5 or 1 - 7 processed
in a precision geocorrected form.
1.5 Discussion
Use and distribution of the level-3p Landsat TM images are subject to copyright
restrictions. CCRS and Radarsat International (RSI) granted permission to
BOREAS to place a subset of the level-3a Landsat TM images on the BOREAS CD-ROM
series; however, none of the level-3p images are included. The level-3p images
may not be available for public access. Please see Sections 15 and 16 for
further details.
BORIS staff processed the Landsat TM level-3p imagery by:
1) Extracting pertinent header information from the level-3p image product and
placing it in an American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
file on disk,
2) Reading the information in the ASCII disk file and loading the on-line data
base with pertinent information.
1.6 Related Data Sets
BOREAS Level-3a Landsat TM Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in BSQ Format
BOREAS Level-3b Landsat TM Imagery: At-sensor Radiance in BSQ Format
BOREAS Level-3s Landsat TM Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in LGSOWG Format
BOREAS Level-3s SPOT Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in LGSOWG Format
2. Investigator(s)
2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title
BOREAS Staff Science
2.2 Title of Investigation
BOREAS Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program
2.3 Contact Information
Contact 1
----------
Jeffrey A. Newcomer
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-785
(301) 286-0239
Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov
Contact 2
----------
Josef Cihlar
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
(613) 947-1265
Josef.Cihlar@geocan.emr.ca
3. Theory of Measurements
The Landsat series of satellites began with the Earth Resources Technology
Satellite (ERTS) launched in July 1972. This satellite was renamed Landsat 1 in
1975 to reflect its primary use as a land resource observatory. Through its
onboard instruments, Landsat monitors Earth's mountain ranges, deserts, forests,
and crops by measuring the light waves they reflect.
The second generation of Landsat satellites (4 and 5) marked a significant
advance in remote sensing through the addition of the more sophisticated TM
sensor, with higher spectral and spatial resolution, and faster data processing
at a highly automated data processing facility at the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, MD.
For BOREAS, the CCRS receiving station in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan collected
the raw data. Processing of the raw data to the level-3p images was performed
with the Geocoded Image Correction System (GICS; Friedel, 1992) at the CCRS
facility in Ottawa.
As Landsat's instrument mirrors scan Earth's surface, light enters the
instrument optics, where it is focused on specially calibrated detector arrays.
Onboard electronics encode the detector voltage as binary digits or bits. These
digital image data are then relayed back to Earth to be processed into film and
Computer-Compatible Tape (CCT) products which are subsequently used for Earth
resources analysis.
4. Equipment
4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description
The TM sensor system records radiation from seven bands in the electromagnetic
spectrum. It has a telescope that directs the incoming radiant flux obtained
along a scan line through a scan line collector to the visible and near-infrared
focal plane, or to the mid-infrared and thermal-infrared cooled focal plane. The
detectors for the visible and near-infrared bands (1 to 4) are four staggered
linear arrays, each containing 16 silicon detectors. The two mid-infrared
detectors are 16 indium-antimonide cells in a staggered linear array, and the
thermal-infrared detector is a four-element array of mercury-cadmium-telluride
cells. The spectral regions, band widths, and primary use of each channel are
given in the following table:
Channel Wavelength (�m) Primary Use
------- --------------- ------------------------------------------
1 0.451 - 0.521 Coastal water mapping, soil vegetation
differentiation, deciduous/coniferous
differentiation.
2 0.526 - 0.615 Green reflectance by healthy vegetation.
3 0.622 - 0.699 Chlorophyll absorption for plant species
differentiation.
4 0.771 - 0.905 Biomass surveys, water body delineation.
5 1.564 - 1.790 Vegetation moisture measurement, snow and cloud
differentiation.
6 10.450 - 12.460 Plant heat stress measurement, other thermal
mapping.
7 2.083 - 2.351 Hydrothermal mapping.
4.1.1 Collection Environment
The BOREAS Landsat TM level-3p images were acquired through the CCRS.
Radiometric corrections and systematic geometric corrections are applied to
produce the images in a path-oriented and precision-corrected (level-3p) form.
A full TM image contains 6920 pixels in each of 5728 lines. Before any
geometric corrections, the ground resolution is 30 m for bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 7 and 120 m for band 6 at nadir. The pixel values of the images can range
from 0 to 255. This allows each pixel to be stored in a single-byte field. The
level-3p images were processed through the CCRS GICS. The Landsat satellite
orbits Earth at an altitude of 705 km.
4.1.2 Source/Platform
Although the majority of the BOREAS Landsat TM imagery was acquired by the
instrument onboard Landsat-5, some imagery was obtained with the TM sensor on
the Landsat 4 platform.
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives
The Landsat TM is designed to respond to and measure both reflected and emitted
Earth surface radiation to enable the investigation, survey, inventory, and
mapping of Earth's natural resources.
4.1.4 Key Variables
Reflected radiation, emitted radiation, temperature.
4.1.5 Principles of Operation
The TM is a scanning optical sensor operating in the visible and infrared
wavelengths. It contains a scan mirror assembly that directly projects the
reflected Earth radiation onto detectors arrayed in two focal planes. The TM
achieves better image resolution, sharper color separation, and greater in-
flight geometric and radiometric accuracy for seven spectral bands
simultaneously than the previous generation sensor, the MultiSpectral Scanner
(MSS). Data collected by the sensor are beamed back to ground receiving stations
for processing.
4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry
The TM sensor depends on the forward motion of the spacecraft for the along-
track scan and uses moving mirror assembly to scan in the cross-track direction
(perpendicular to the spacecraft). The instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) for
each detector from bands 1 - 5 and band 7 is equivalent to a 30-m square when
projected to the ground at nadir; band 6 (the thermal infrared band) has an IFOV
equivalent to a 120-m square at nadir.
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Hughes Santa Barbara Remote Sensing (SBRS)
Goleta, CA
4.2 Calibration
The internal calibrator, a flex-pivot-mounted shutter assembly, is synchronized
with the scan mirror, oscillating at the same 7-Hz frequency. During the
turnaround period of the scan mirror, the shutter introduces the calibration
source energy and a black direct-current restoration surface into the 100-
detector field-of-view (FOV).
The calibration signals for bands 1 - 5 and 7 are derived from three regulated
tungsten-filament lamps. The calibration source for band 6 is a blackbody with
three temperature selections, commanded from the ground. The method for
transmitting radiation to the moving calibration shutter allows the tungsten
lamps to provide radiation independently and to contribute proportionately to
the illumination of all detectors.
4.2.1 Specifications
Radiometric
Band Sensitivity [NE(dP)]*
---- --------------------
1 0.8%
2 0.5%
3 0.5%
4 0.5%
5 1.0%
6 0.5 K [NE(dT)]
7 2.4%
Ground IFOV 30 m (Bands 1-5, 7)
120 m (Band 6)
Avg. altitude 699.6 Km
Data rate 85 Mbps
Quantization levels 256
Orbit angle 8.15 degrees
Orbital nodal period 98.88 minutes
Scan width 185 km
Scan angle 14.9 degrees
Image overlap 7.6%
Note: The radiometric sensitivities are the noise-equivalent (NE) reflectance
differences for the reflective channels expressed as percentages [NE(dP)] and
temperature differences for the thermal-infrared bands [NE(dT)] in Kelvins.
4.2.1.1 Tolerance
The TM channels were designed for a NE differential represented by the
radiometric sensitivity shown in Section 4.2.1.
4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration
The absolute radiometric calibration between bands on the TM sensor is
maintained by using internal calibrators located between the telescope and the
detectors that are sampled at the end of a scan.
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information
Relative within-band radiometric calibration, to reduce "striping," is provided
by a scene-based procedure called histogram equalization. Because of the
absolute accuracy and relative precision of this calibration scheme, it is
assumed that any changes in the optics of the primary telescope or the
"effective radiance" from the internal calibrator lamps are insignificant in
comparison to the changes in detector sensitivity and electronic gain and bias
with time and that the scene-dependent sampling is sufficiently precise for the
required within-scan destriping from histogram equalization.
Each TM reflective band and the internal calibrator lamps were calibrated prior
to launch using lamps in integrating spheres that were in turn calibrated
against lamps traceable to calibrated National Bureau of Standards lamps. The
absolute radiometric calibration constants in the "short-term" and "long-term"
parameter files used for ground processing were modified after launch if there
was an inconsistency within or between bands, a change in the inherent dynamic
range of the sensors, or a desire to make quantized and calibrated values from
one sensor match those from another.
5. Data Acquisition Methods
The BOREAS Landsat TM level-3s and -3p images were acquired through the CCRS.
Radiometric corrections and systematic or precision geometric corrections are
applied to produce the images in a path-oriented form. A full TM image contains
6920 pixels in each of 5728 lines (see Section 11.2). Before any geometric
corrections, the ground resolution is 30 m for bands 1-5 and 7 and 120 m for
band 6 at nadir. The pixel values of the images can range from 0 to 255. This
allows each pixel to be stored in a single-byte field.
6. Observations
6.1 Data Notes
None.
6.2 Field Notes
Not applicable.
7. Data Description
7.1 Spatial Characteristics
7.1.1 Spatial Coverage
The BOREAS level-3p Landsat TM images cover the NSA and SSA. The SSA and the
NSA are located in the southwest and northeast portions of the overall region.
A full TM scene covers approximately 31,000 square kilometers.
The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are:
Latitude Longitude
-------- ---------
Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W
Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W
Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W
Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W
The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are:
Latitude Longitude
-------- ---------
Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W
Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W
Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W
Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W
7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map
Not available.
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution
Before any geometric corrections, the spatial resolution is 30 m for bands 1-5,
and 7 and 120 m for band 6 at nadir. These values increase with scan angle away
from the nadir path. The level-3p Landsat TM images have had geometric
corrections applied so that the spatial resolution for all pixels is 30 m in all
bands. These level-3p images have a high level of internal spatial integrity
and have had ground control added to improve the accuracy of the geographic
coordinates provided on the tape. The accuracy of these geographic coordinates
is unknown at the time of writing this document.
7.1.4 Projection
The level-3p Landsat TM images are placed in a Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) projection based on NAD83. Detailed projection parameter information for
the individual images is contained in the leader file(s).
7.1.5 Grid Description
The pixel/grid spacing for each pixel in the level-3p Landsat TM images is 30 m
in the UTM projection. Detailed grid parameter information for the individual
images is contained in the leader file(s).
7.2 Temporal Characteristics
7.2.1 Temporal Coverage
Imagery acquired before the BOREAS field campaigns were conducted is included in
the BOREAS archive with imagery collected during the project. Historical
Landsat data have been acquired by CCRS routinely since the launch of Landsat 1
and are kept in the CCRS archive.
Since the mid-1980s, CCRS has been acquiring and archiving all Landsat data over
Canada during the growing season; however during the winter, only requested data
were obtained. For BOREAS, this policy was modified to obtain data throughout
the year over the BOREAS region. The acquired data are archived by CCRS and can
be interrogated to ascertain which scenes were archived and their
characteristics.
The BOREAS level-3p Landsat TM acquisitions cover 20-Aug-1988 to 07-Jun-1994.
three-band scenes were ordered specifically to compare precision coordinate
information in the header with coordinates derived from the enhanced geographic
There are a limited number of level-3p TM images in BORIS. A few level-3p
information BORIS is providing with the level-3a TM product. One seven-band
level-3p TM scene is archived in BORIS, only because the level-3s was not
available.
7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map
The following table lists the available level-3p Landsat TM images:
Date Study Area
----------- ----------
20-Aug-1988 NSA
14-Aug-1989 NSA
09-Aug-1991 SSA
07-Jul-1994 SSA
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution
The Landsat TM satellite revisit frequency is 16 days for each path/row, however
in the BOREAS region the overlap between scene paths is about 50%.
7.3 Data Characteristics
Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file
(ltm_ii3p.def)
7.3.1 Parameter/Variable
The main parameter contained in the image data files is scaled at-sensor
radiance.
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition
For the image data files:
Scaled at-sensor radiance - The scaled value representing the radiant energy
incident on the sensor aperture at the time of data
collection in the specific TM wavelength regions.
7.3.3 Unit of Measurement
The units for the scaled at-sensor radiance values vary by band. To obtain at-
sensor radiance values in Watts/(m2 * sr * �m) use the formula:
At-sensor Radiance = Scaled Value * Gain + Offset
where the gain and Offset values are contained in the ASCII header file.
7.3.4 Data Source
The data contained in the level-3p Landsat TM data files come from various
portions of the Landsat satellite, the TM instrument, and the ground processing
components. The level-3p Landsat TM images were supplied to the BOREAS by the
CCRS.
7.3.5 Data Range
The maximum range of scaled at-sensor radiance values in each level-3p Landsat
TM image band is limited from 0 (zero) to 255 so that the values can be stored
in a single 8-bit (byte) field.
7.4 Sample Data Record
Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (ltm_ii3p.def).
8. Data Organization
8.1 Data Granularity
The smallest unit of data for level-3p Landsat TM imagery is a full TM scene.
The individual level-3p Landsat TM images from CCRS are stored in either a band
sequential (BSQ) or band interleaved by line (BIL) form. General information on
these two formats is provided in Section 8.2. Detailed information on these
formats can be obtained from the CCRS document referenced in Section 17.1. Most
of the BOREAS level-3p Landsat TM image products contain only three of the seven
bands. BORIS used these three-band images to evaluate the processing of the
level-3s images to level-3a products. As such, the number and size of the BIL
and BSQ files for the three-band images are less than the full seven-band image
format described below.
8.2 Data Format(s)
The data files consists numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe
marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data format shown in the
companion data definition file (ltm_ii3p.def).
8.2.1 Band Sequential Format
The files associated with a BSQ TM scene are as follows:
File 1 volume directory
File 2 leader file band 1
File 3 TM band 1
File 4 trailer file band 1
File 5 leader file band 2
File 6 TM band 2
File 7 trailer file band 2
File 8 leader file band 2
File 9 TM band 2
File 10 trailer file band 2
. .
and so on...
. .
File 21 TM band 7
File 22 trailer file band 7
File 23 null volume file
If there are multiple scenes on a tape, the next scene would occupy files 24-46,
23 files exactly as above. Up to four TM scenes (92 files) are contained on one
8 mm tape. Multiple volume directory files are contained on one tape media
because the 8 mm tapes were generated from copying the original 9-track tapes,
and each one of those had its own volume directory. Each image file in BSQ
format contains image data for one spectral band.
A three-band level-3p TM scene would contain a total of 11 files as described
above; however the bands included in the three-band subset are TM bands 3, 4,
and 5.
8.2.1.1 BSQ Leader Files
The contents of leader files which have been defined in detail by the Landsat
Ground Station Operations Working Group (LGSOWG) Technical Working Group (LTWG)
are as follows:
File descriptor record;
Scene header record;
Map projection (scene-related) ancillary record;
Radiometric transformation ancillary record.
All leader files contain fixed-length records of 4320 bytes and contain both
ASCII and binary data. For specific details, see the CCRS documentation
referenced in Section 17.1.
8.2.1.2 BSQ Imagery File
The BSQ image files have 5729 records; each record contains 7020 bytes. The
first record in this file is a header record, followed by 5728 image records.
The contents of the scene header record are specified by LTWG standards and
include information relating to the mission, sensor parameters, processing
options, and geometric parameters for the sensor.
Each image record contains 32 bytes of prefix data, 6920 bytes of image data,
and 68 bytes of suffix data (32 + 6920 + 68 = 7020). Each image is oriented so
that pixel 1, line 1 is in the upper left-hand corner (i.e., northwest) of the
screen display. Pixels and lines progress left to right and top to bottom so
that pixel n, line n is in the lower right-hand corner.
8.2.1.3 BSQ Trailer File
The trailer file contains information associated with the image data that was
not always available before writing the image data, such as data and recording
quality and data summaries. Each trailer file contains a file descriptor record
and trailer records for all bands of imagery in the associated imagery file.
All trailer files contain fixed-length records of 4320 bytes and contain both
ASCII and binary data. For specific details see the CCRS documentation
referenced in Section 17.1.
8.2.2 Band Interleaved by Line Format
At this time, no level-3p Landsat TM data were supplied in BIL format.
9. Data Manipulations
9.1 Formulae
9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms
Not applicable.
9.2 Data Processing Sequence
9.2.1 Processing Steps
BORIS staff processes a level-3p Landsat TM image by :
1) Extracting pertinent header information from the level-3p image product and
writing it to a disk file,
2) Reading the information in the disk file and loading the on-line data base
with needed information.
Some cloud cover and image quality assessment information is generated when
BORIS staff processed the level-3p images to level-3a products. This
information is entered into the BORIS data base but is not included with the
images on tape. To obtain this information, see the inventory file included on
the CD-ROMs or see Section 15.1.
9.2.2 Processing Changes
None.
9.3 Calculations
9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments
None.
9.3.2 Calculated Variables
None.
9.4 Graphs and Plots
None.
10. Errors
10.1 Sources of Error
Errors could arise in the acquired imagery from location inaccuracy, distortion
of lengths, anisomorphism, the instrument's local coherence, and multispectral
registrability. Other errors could arise from inherent radiometric imperfections
of the sensors.
10.2 Quality Assessment
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source
Whatever the processing level, the geometric quality of the image depends on the
accuracy of the viewing geometry.
Spectral errors could arise from image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation,
cross-talk, spikes, and response normalization caused by change in gain.
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment
Assessment of accuracy of the absolute radiometric constants is difficult. The
uncertainties in prelaunch and postlaunch updates of the absolute calibration
constants are nominally specified to be less than 10%. A root mean square (rms)
summing of known errors in the prelaunch calibration suggests that this may be a
reasonable estimate of overall uncertainty in the prelaunch calibration.
There are also known, but as yet uncorrected, effects associated with
temperature-dependence of the TM internal calibrator that may be contributing to
apparent discontinuous changes at launch and to the continuous changes of gain
while in orbit. Additional uncertainties for exoatmospheric reflectances are
probably less than 2% in the visible/near-infrared and less than 5% in the
shortwave infrared portion of the spectrum as judged by the current differences
in estimates of the solar irradiance.
The level-3p Landsat TM images have had geometric corrections applied so that
the spatial resolution for all pixels is 30 m in all bands. These level-3p
images have a high level of internal spatial integrity and have had ground
control applied to give a high level of accuracy to the supplied geographic
coordinates.
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters
None given.
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments
The reproducibility of ground measurements at White Sands, NM, at times of
Landsat TM overpass to about 5% for 5 dates for Bands 1-4 suggests a potential
for monitoring sensor change for the whole system with time.
Images are screened for level of cloud cover before BORIS processing.
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center
BORIS used developed software to extract information for logging the data into a
relational data base. In addition, the software read through the records of the
files checking for proper record sizes.
11. Notes
11.1 Limitations of the Data
None.
11.2 Known Problems with the Data
To date, the following discrepancies/problems have been noted in the data:
o Some header files refer to Level-1 rather than Level-3 or to L1P rather than
L3P since they were created by software prior to BORIS finalization of data
categories.
11.3 Usage Guidance
None.
11.4 Other Relevant Information
o None
12. Application of the Data Set
The level-3a Landsat TM images are useful for anyone interested in high spatial
resolution imagery over the entire NSA or SSA.
13. Future Modifications and Plans
None.
14. Software
14.1 Software Description
BORIS developed software and command procedures to :
1) Extract header information from level-3p Landsat TM images on tape and
writing it to ASCII files on disk,
2) Read the ASCII disk file and logging the level-3 Landsat TM image products
into the Oracle data base tables.
3) Convert between the geographic systems of (latitude, longitude), UTM
(northing, easting), and BOREAS (x,y) grid locations.
The software mentioned under items 1 to 5 is written in C and is operational on
VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100 systems at GSFC. The primary dependencies in the
software are the tape input/output (I/O) library and the Oracle data base
utility routines.
The geographic coordinate conversion utility (BOR_CORD) has been tested and used
on Macintosh, IBM PC, VAX, Silicon Graphics, and Sun workstations.
14.2 Software Access
All of the described software is available upon request. BORIS staff would
appreciate knowing of any problems discovered with the software, but cannot
promise to fix them.
15. Data Access
15.1 Contact Information
Ms. Beth Nelson
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-4005
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
beth@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov
15.2 Data Center Identification
See 15.1
15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX.
15.4 Data Center Status/Plans
The level-3p Landsat TM image data are available from the Earth Observing System
Data and Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov
Although the BOREAS level-3p Landsat TM images are being held in a public
archive, copyright restrictions limit the distribution and use of the data. The
BOREAS CD-ROM series is publicly available and contain some of the level-3a
Landsat TM images. However, other Landsat TM image products in the collection
are only available to official BOREAS project personnel. Please contact the
ORNL DAAC User Services office to get the most recent information.
16. Output Products and Availability
16.1 Tape Products
The level-3a Landsat TM data can be made available on 8-mm, Digital Archive Tape
(DAT), or 9-track tapes at 6250 or 1600 Bytes per Inch (BPI).
Although the BOREAS level-3p Landsat TM images are being held in a public
archive, copyright restrictions limit the distribution and use of the data. The
BOREAS CD-ROM series is publicly available and contain some of the level-3a
Landsat TM images. However, other Landsat TM image products in the collection
are only available to official BOREAS project personnel. Please contact the
ORNL DAAC User Services office (see Section 15.4) to get the most recent
information.
16.2 Film Products
None.
16.3 Other Products
Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual
level-3p Landsat TM images are not. See section 15 for information about how to
obtain the data.
17. References
17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation
Multispectral Scanner System for ERTS. 1972. HS324-5214. Hughes Aircraft
Corporation. Santa Barbara, CA.
Standard Landsat 4, 5 and 6 TM CCT Format Specification, DMD-TM #82-249E. 1991.
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing
Sector, Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada.
User's Guide for Landsat Thematic Mapper Computer-Compatible Tapes. 1985. Earth
Observation Satellite Company. Lanham, MD.
17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports
Byrne, G.F., P.F. Crapper, and K.K. Mayo. 1980. Monitoring land-cover change by
principal component analysis of multitemporal Landsat data. Remote Sens.
Environ. 10:175-184.
Chavez, P.C., S.C. Guptill, and J.A. Bowell. 1984. Image processing techniques
for Thematic Mapper data. Technical Papers. 50th Annual Meeting of the Amer.
Soc. of Photogr. 2:728-743.
Crist, E.P. and R.C. Cicone. 1984. Application of the Tasseled Cap concept to
simulated Thematic Mapper data. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens. 50:343-352.
Engel, J.L. and O. Weinstein. 1983. The Thematic Mapper: An Overview. IEEE
Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-21:258-265.
Friedel, J. 1992. System description of the Geocoded Image Correction System.
Report GC-MA-50-3915, MacDonald Detwiller and Associates, Richmond, B.C.
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17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation
None.
18. Glossary of Terms
None.
19. List of Acronyms
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BIL - Band Interleaved By Line
BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
BORIS - BOREAS Information System
BPI - Bytes per inch
BSQ - Band sequential
CCRS - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
CCT - Computer Compatible Tape
CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory
DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center
DAT - Digital Archive Tape
DN - Digital Number
EDC - EROS Data Center
EOS - Earth Observing System
EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System
EROS - Earth Resources Observation System
ERTS - Earth Resources Technology Satellite
FOLD - Federally Owned Landsat Database
FOV - Field of View
FPAR - Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation
GICS - Geocoded Image Correction System
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center
IFOV - Instantaneous Field-of-View
I/O - Input/Output
LAI - Leaf Area Index
LGSOWG - Landsat Ground Station Operations Working Group
LTWG - LGSOWG Technical Working Group
MSS - Multispectral Scanner
NAD27 - North American Datum of 1927
NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NE - Noise Equivalent
NSA - Northern Study Area
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PANP - Prince Albert National Park
rms - root-mean-square
SBRC - Santa Barbara Research Center
SSA - Southern Study Area
TIPS - Thematic Mapper Image Processing System
TM - Thematic Mapper
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator
20. Document Information
20.1 Document Revision Dates
Written: 12-Apr-1995
Last Updated: 19-Mar-1998
20.2 Document Review Dates
BORIS Review: 20-Feb-1998
Science Review: 27-Feb-1998
20.3 Document ID
20.4 Citation
The Landsat TM level-3p images were acquired by CCRS and processed by RADARSAT
International under an agreement with CCRS.
20.5 Document Curator
20.6 Document URL
Keywords
LANDSAT
LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER
EMITTED RADIATION
REFLECTED RADIATION
LANDSAT_TM_L3P.doc
04/17/98