BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery: Digital Counts Summary: The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) Program launched the first of a series of satellites (ERTS-1) in 1972. Part of the NASA Earth Resources Survey Program, the ERTS Program and the ERTS satellites were later renamed Landsat to better represent the civil satellite program's prime emphasis on remote sensing of land resources. Landsat satellites 1 through 5 carry the MSS sensor. CCRS and BOREAS personnel gathered a set of MSS images from Landsat satellites 1, 2, 4 and 5 covering the dates of 21-Aug-1972 to 05-Sep-1988. The data are provided in binary image format files of various formats. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery: Digital Counts 1.2 Data Set Introduction The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities that were BOREAS community-level activities, or required uniform data collection procedures across sites and time. These activities included the acquisition of the relevant satellite data. Data from the Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) instruments on the Landsat satellites were acquired from the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earath Resources and Observational Systems (EROS) Data Center (EDC) and provided for use by BOREAS researchers. 1.3 Objective/Purpose For BOREAS, the Landsat MSS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, were collected in order to provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. Many of the MSS images were acquired early on in the project and were useful tools in the site selection process. The MSS data provide a historical baseline of landcover information from as far back as 1972. 1.4 Summary of Parameters Landsat MSS data in the BORIS contains the following parameters: Original image header information, image coordinates, calibration transformation tables, and gains and offset values for each of the image bands 1 through 4. 1.5 Discussion BOREAS Information System (BORIS) personnel developed software to extract needed information from the image data files to verify its content and inventory the information from each scene. The image data remains in the original formats which are: - CCRS LGSOWG BIL and BSQ. - BIP2 format from USGS EDC. Some of this data originated from the Federally Owned Landsat Database (FOLD). 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS Level-3s Landsat TM Imagery: Scaled At-sensor Radiance in LGSOWG Format 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Staff Science. 2.2 Title of Investigation Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program. 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 ---------- Jeffrey A. Newcomer Raytheon STX Corporation NASA/Goddard Sp. Fl. Ctr. Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-785 (301) 286-0239 Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov Contact 2 ---------- Josef Cihlar Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Ottawa, Ontario Canada (613) 947-1265 Josef.Cihlar@geocan.emr.ca 3. Theory of Measurements Since 1972, the Landsat program satellites have provided repetitive, synoptic, global coverage of high-resolution multispectral imagery. The characteristics of the different channels of the MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) sensors aboard the Landsat satellites were selected to maximize their capabilities for detecting and monitoring various Earth resources. Through its onboard instruments, Landsat monitors Earth's mountain ranges, deserts, forests, and crops by measuring the light waves they reflect. For example, MSS band 1 can be used to detect green reflectance from healthy vegetation, and band 2 of MSS is designed for detecting chlorophyll absorption in vegetation. MSS bands 3 and 4 are ideal for recording near-IR reflectance peaks in healthy green vegetation and for detecting water-land interfaces. MSS Bands 4, 2, and 1 can be combined to make false-color composite images where band 4 controls the amount of red, band 2 the amount of green, and band 1 the amount of blue. This band combination makes vegetation appear as shades of red, brighter reds indicating more vigorously growing vegetation. Soils with no or sparse vegetation will range from white (sands) to greens or browns depending on moisture and organic matter content. Water bodies will appear blue. Deep, clear water will be dark blue to black in color, while sediment-laden or shallow waters will appear lighter in color. Urban areas will appear blue-gray in color. Clouds and snow will be bright white and they are usually distinguishable from each other by the shadows associated with the clouds. 4. Equipment: 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description The MSS system uses a scanning mirror in conjunction with a Ritchey-Chretien Cassegrainian telescope to focus radiance from the Earth's surface onto a focal plane. Scanning 185-kilometer swaths, radiant energy is collected in west-to- east scans. During reverse scans, a shutter blocks the detectors. A fiber optic bundle receives light from the telescope and transmits it to the focal plane (correlates to one fiber for each detector). A total of 24 detectors and filters correspond to four spectral bands. The MSS sensors flown aboard Landsats 4 and 5 are similar to the MSS sensors that were flown aboard Landsats 1, 2, and 3. However, the optics of the MSS system for Landsats 4 and 5 were adjusted so that the Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) would still approximate an 80- by 80-meter ground area. This optical adjustment provided compatibility between the earlier and later MSS data collections. Designators for the four spectral bands also were adjusted from the first series of MSS sensors (MSS 1,2,3) and those that flew with the TM sensor (MSS 4,5), as shown in the table below. The MSS system on Landsats 3 was designed with a thermal channel, however this channel developed operating problems which caused the channel to subsequantly fail. The Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) is 86.0 microradians, equating to a nominal ground resolution of 79 meters. Wavelength Landsats 1-3 Landsats 4-5 (micrometers) ------------ ------------ ------------- Band 4 Band 1 0.5 - 0.6 Band 5 Band 2 0.6 - 0.7 Band 6 Band 3 0.7 - 0.8 Band 7 Band 4 0.8 - 1.1 Band 8 10.4 - 12.6 4.1.1 Collection Environment The Landsat satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 920 km for Landsat 1, 2, and 3 and 705 km for Landsat 4 and 5. 4.1.2 Source/Platform The MSS imagery collected for BOREAS include data from the MSS sensors aboard Landsat 1,2,4 and 5. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives The Landsat MSS is designed to respond to and measure both reflected and emitted Earth surface radiation to enable the investigation, survey, inventory, and mapping of the Earth's natural resources. 4.1.4 Key Variables Reflected radiation. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation An oscillating mirror scans across-track in a west-to-east direction in 185- kilometer swaths. During reverse scans a shutter blocks the detectors. During every other mirror retrace, the individual sensors in the MSS bands are exposed to a rotating, variable density-wedge optical filter illuminated by an onboard calibration lamp. The resulting calibration data are subsequently utilized to make radiometric corrections on the MSS detector signals. The thermal-band detectors are exposed to temperature references during alternate mirror retraces when the spectral bands are not being calibrated. Nominal mirror frequency is 13.62 hertz. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry A full MSS image contains 3240 - 3500 pixels in each of 2340 lines (see sections 6.1 and 11.1). Before any geometric corrections, the ground resolution is 80 m for bands 1, 2, 3, and 4 at nadir. The pixel values of the images can range from 0 to 128. The MSS sensor depends on the forward motion of the spacecraft for the along- track scan and uses moving mirror assembly to scan in the cross-track direction (perpendicular to the spacecraft). The instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) for each detector is equivalent to an 80-m square when projected to the ground at nadir. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument Hughes Aircraft Company Santa Barbara Remote Sensing Division Santa Barbara, CA 4.2 Calibration Significant changes in calibration data occurred between instruments and within the data collected from a single instrument. For a chronological history of MSS calibration, refer to the "MSS Radiometric Calibration Handbook." 4.2.1 Specifications Ground IFOV 80 m Avg. Altitude 920 and 705 Km (Landsat 1,2,3 and 4,5 respectively) Data Rate 86.8 Kbps Quantization levels 128 Orbit angle 189 degrees Orbital Nodal Period 103 minutes Scan width 185 Km Scan angle 14.9 degrees Image overlap at equator 14 % Repeat Coverage 18 days 4.2.1.1 Tolerance None given. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration Internal calibration wedge data were acquired with every scan. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information A rotating shutter wheel was located between the telescope and the fiber optic bundle. This device was synchronized with the scan mirror to block the detectors during reverse scans. At the end of every other scan, the detectors viewed a calibration lamp through a graded density filter on the shutter wheel. This process allowed the detectors to respond to a continuously varying radiance. The data record was commonly referred to as the calibration wedge or the cal wedge. Prior to launch, a calibrated integrating sphere was used to measure detector response to known radiance values. At the same time, detector response to the onboard calibration lamp also was recorded. By using detector responses at precise locations on the calibration wedge, a linear regression technique could be implemented to transfer the calibration of the integrating sphere to the calibration lamp. Therefore, the detector response was known in an absolute sense before launch such that values recorded by the detectors could be converted to physical units of radiance. After launch, the calibration lamp was used to maintain the absolute calibration that was recorded before launch. However, there were many factors that could cause errors in the absolute calibration (e.g., changes to the lamp that occurred during or after launch or changes in the optical path between the calibration lamp and the detectors, which included the optical fiber bundle, the shutter wheel, and the spectral filters). Therefore, the absolute radiometric accuracy of MSS data is unknown. Following ground transmission, the MSS data were decompressed, calibration wedge values were extracted, and the data were radiometrically corrected. 5. Data Acquisition Methods The BOREAS Landsat MSS images were acquired through the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and the USGS EDC. A full MSS image contains 3240 - 3500 pixels in each of 2340 lines (see sections 6.1 and 11.1). Before any geometric corrections, the ground resolution is 80 m at nadir. The pixel values of the images can range from 0 to 128. This allows each pixel to be stored in a single byte field. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes The BORIS MSS data came from several sources and platforms. Thus individual characteristics and formats vary. For explicit information on data formats see the following: - The Standard Landsat MSS CCT Format Technical Memo DPD-TM-79-103C from the Data Processing Division of the Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing. - The LAS Image Processing System has software and help on the BIP2 format. 6.2 Field Notes Not applicable. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The BOREAS Landsat MSS images primarily cover the Northern and the Southern Study Area (NSA and SSA). A few images were acquired for the transect area between the SSA and the NSA. The SSA and the NSA are located in the southwest and northeast portions of the overall region. The North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not available. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution Before any geometric corrections, the spatial resolution is 80 m at nadir. These values increase with scan angle away from the nadir path. The LGSOWG images have had systematic geometric corrections applied to create a high level of internal spatial integrity; but without geometric registration, the actual geographic corner and center coordinates contained on the tape can be offset from their actual positions by as much as 20 km. The BIP2 data are in their original format and have not had any geometric corrections applied. 7.1.4 Projection The LGSOWG Landsat MSS images are in a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection based on the NAD83. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage Many of the MSS images were acquired early on in the project and were useful tools in the site selection process. The MSS data provide a historical baseline of landcover information from as far back as 1972. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map 21-AUG-72 TRANSECT 22-AUG-72 REGION 22-AUG-72 TRANSECT 23-AUG-72 TRANSECT 24-AUG-72 REGION 24-AUG-72 TRANSECT 30-JUL-73 TRANSECT 01-AUG-73 TRANSECT 15-AUG-73 NSA 02-SEP-73 NSA 10-JUL-75 TRANSECT 10-JUN-76 TRANSECT 18-JUN-76 TRANSECT 16-JUL-76 TRANSECT 25-JUL-76 SSA 08-AUG-76 NSA 22-AUG-76 REGION 21-JUL-77 SSA 15-JUL-78 SSA 03-AUG-78 SSA 14-AUG-78 REGION 07-JUL-79 TRANSECT 22-JUL-80 SSA 13-JUL-81 NSA 18-JUL-81 SSA 01-AUG-81 TRANSECT 22-AUG-81 SSA 05-JUL-83 TRANSECT 27-AUG-83 SSA 31-AUG-83 NSA 22-JUN-84 NSA 11-JUL-84 REGION 19-JUL-84 REGION 01-AUG-84 NSA 12-AUG-84 REGION 17-AUG-84 NSA 01-JUN-88 NSA 04-AUG-88 NSA 20-AUG-88 NSA 05-SEP-88 NSA 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution The Landsat MSS satellite revisit frequency is 18 days for each path/row, however in the BOREAS region the overlap between adjacent scene paths is about 50% at the latitude of the BOREAS Study Area. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (satmssd.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record A sample data record for the level-3s Landsat MSS images is not available here. Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (satmssd.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity The smallest unit of Landsat MSS image data tracked by BORIS is a full MSS scene. 8.2 Data Format(s) The image inventory data file contains numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in the companion data definition file (satmssd.def). The Landsat MSS data are stored in their original formats. Each scene is made up of the files as described below. There are several image processing software packages available with specific software and help for working with various forms of MSS and other sensor imagery. The following document may help in extracting the MSS image data from tape: The Standard Landsat MSS CCT Format Technical Memo DPD-TM-79-103C from the Data Processing Division of the Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing. The data in the BOREAS archive from Landsats 1 and 2 contain data in both LGSOWG and BIP2 formats. BOREAS data from Landsats 4 and 5 contain only LGSOWG format, there are no data in the BOREAS archive from Landsat 3. 8.2.1 LGSOWG BSQ format An image stored in the LGSOWG BSQ format contains 14 files. The files are: File Description ---- ----------- 1 Volume Directory 2 Leader, Band 1 3 Image Data, Band 1 4 Trailer Data, Band 1 5 Leader, Band 2 6 Image Data, Band 2 7 Trailer Data, Band 2 8 Leader, Band 3 9 Image Data, Band 3 10 Trailer Data, Band 3 11 Leader, Band 4 12 Image Data, Band 4 13 Trailer Data, Band 4 14 Null Volume Directory 8.2.2 LGSOWG BIL format An image stored in the LGSOWG BIL format contains 5 files. The files are: File Description ---- ----------- 1 Volume Directory 2 Leader 3 Image Data 4 Trailer Data 5 Null Volume Directory 8.2.3 BIP2 format An image stored in the LGSOWG BIP2 (band interleaved by pixel pair) format (also known as the X-format) contains 5 files. Data were acquired before 1979. Data in each of 4 vertical swaths are stored in a separate image file. Scanlines are sequenced and interleaved-by-pixel pairs. The CCT header information is recorded on each image file. BIP-2 is sometimes referred to as CCT-X format. The files are: File Description ---- ----------- 1 Strip 1 Image Data in BIP2 with ID and Annotation Records 2 Strip 2 Image Data in BIP2 with ID and Annotation Records 3 Strip 3 Image Data in BIP2 with ID and Annotation Records 4 Strip 4 Image Data in BIP2 with ID and Annotation Records 5 SIAT file 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms Not applicable. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps BORIS did not extract or reformat the Landsat MSS data. Processing involved only the extraction of selected header parameters that have been inventoried in the BORIS database. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments None 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None 9.4 Graphs and Plots None 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error Errors could arise in the acquired imagery due to location accuracy, distortion of lengths, anisomorphism, instrument's local coherence and multispectral registrability. Other errors could arise from inherent radiometric imperfections of the sensors. 10.2 Quality Assessment 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source Whatever the processing level, the geometric quality of the image depends on the accuracy of the viewing geometry. Spectral errors could arise due image wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes, response normalization due to change in gain. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgement The level-3s Landsat MSS imagery has had geometric corrections applied so that the spatial resolution for all pixels is 80 m in all bands. The level-3s imagery has a high level of internal spatial integrity but the actual geographic coordinate information contained on the tape can be offset from their actual positions by as much as 20 km. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters None given. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center BORIS personnel used developed software to extract image header information to enter into a relational database. In addition, the software scanned the records of the files checking for proper record sizes. BORIS personnel did not look at the images themselves. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data Early Landsat data have been know to be noisy and sometimes contain striping, particularly in the visible bands. 11.3 Usage Guidance None given. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None. 12. Application of the Data Set The Landsat MSS data can be used to look at landcover states and changes over the data coverage period. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description BORIS personnel developed software and command procedures to: 1) Extract header information from level-3S Landsat MSS images on tape, 2) Log level-3s Landsat MSS image products into the Oracle data base tables. 3) Convert image header coordinates between the geographic systems of (latitude, longitude), UTM (northing, easting), and BOREAS (x,y) grid locations. The software mentioned under items 1 to 3 is written in the C language and is operational on VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100 systems at GSFC. The primary dependencies in the software are the tape I/O library and the Oracle data base utility routines. The geographic coordinate conversion utility (BOR_CORD) has been tested and used on Macintosh, IBM PC, VAX, Silicon Graphics, and Sun workstations. 14.2 Software Access All of the described software is available upon request. See Section 15.4. BORIS staff would appreciate knowing of any problems discovered with the software, but cannot promise to fix them. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The Landsat MSS image data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products The Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) data can be made available on 8 mm or DAT. 16.2 Film Products None. 16.3 Other Products Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual Landsat MSS images are not. See section 15 for information about how to obtain the data. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation U.S. Geological Survey, 1979 and 1984, Landsat data users handbook (rev. ed.): [Arlington, Va.], U.S. Geological Survey [variously paged]. http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/landsat#mss7 Helder, Dennis, 1993, MSS radiometric calibration handbook: Brookings, South Dakota, South Dakota State University, 141 p. [Research performed under DOI USGS Cooperative Agreement No. 1434-92-A-00751] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1971, NASA Earth Resources Technology Satellite data users handbook: [Greenbelt, Md.], National Aeronautics and Space Administration [variously paged]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1976, Landsat data users handbook: [Greenbelt, Md.], National Aeronautics and Space Administration [variously paged]. U.S. Geological Survey, 1979, Landsat data users handbook (rev. ed.): [Arlington, Va.], U.S. Geological Survey [variously paged]. U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1984, Landsat 4 data users handbook: [Washington, D.C.], U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [variously paged]. User's Guide for Landsat Thematic Mapper Computer-Compatible Tapes. 1985. Earth Observation Satellite Company. Lanham, MD. Hughes Aircraft Corporation. 1972. Multispectral Scanner System for ERTS. HS324- 5214. Santa Barbara, California. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Byrne, G.F., P.F. Crapper, and K.K. Mayo. 1980. Monitoring land-cover change by principal component analysis of multitemporal Landsat data. Remote Sens. Environ. 10:175-184. Chavez, P.C., S.C. Guptill, and J.A. Bowell. 1984. Image processing techniques for Thematic Mapper data. Technical Papers. 50th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Soc. of Photogr. 2:728-743. Crist, E.P., and R.C. Cicone. 1984. Application of the Tasseled Cap concept to simulated Thematic Mapper data. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens.50:343- 352. Engel, J.L., and O. Weinstein. 1983. The Thematic Mapper: An Overview. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-21:258-265. Friedel, J. 1992. System decription of the Geocoded Image Correction System. Roport GC-MA-50-3915, MacDonald Detwiller Associates, Richmond, B.C. Hall, F.G., B.J. Markham, J.R. Wang, F. Huemmerich, P.J. Sellers, D.E.Strebel, E.T. Kanemasu, R.D. Kelly, and B.L.Blad. 1990. FIFE:Results overview. AMS Symposium on the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE). Anaheim, CA. February 7-9. Holmes, R.A. 1984. Advanced sensor systems: Thematic Mapper and beyond. Remote Sens. Environ. 15:213-221. Kanemasu, E.T., J.L. Heilman, J.O. Bagley, and W.L. Powers. 1977. Using Landsat data to estimate evapotranspiration of winter wheat. Environmental Management. 1:515-520. Lulla, K. 1983. The Landsat satellites and selected aspects of Physical Geography. Progress in Phy. Geogr. 7:1-45. Malila, W.A. 1985. Comparison of the Information Contents of LANDSAT TM and MSS Data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 51:1449-1457. Pollock, R.B., and E.T. Kanemasu. 1979. Estimating leaf-area index of wheat with Landsat data. Remote Sens. Environ. 8:307-312. Robinov, C.J. 1982. Computation with physical values from Landsat digital data. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens. 48:781-784. Satterwhite, M.B. 1984. Discriminating vegetation and soils using Landsat MSS and Thematic Mapper bands and band ratios. Technical Papers. 50th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Soc. of Photogr. 2:479-485. Salomonson, V.V. 1984. Landsat 4 and 5 status and results from Thematic Mapper data analysis. Proceedings. Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium. Lab. for the Applications of Remote Sensing. West Lafayette, IN. p 13-18. Sellers P.J., F.G. Hall, D.E. Strebel, E.T. Kanemasu, R.D. Kelly, B.L. Blad, B.J. Markham, and J.R. Wang. 1990.Experiment design and operations. AMS Symposium on the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE). Anaheim, CA. February 7- 9. Singn, A.N., and R.S. Dwived, 1986. The Utility of LANDSAT Imagery as an Integral Part of the Data Base for Small Scale Soil Mapping. Int. J. Remote Sensing. 7:1099-1108. Taranik, J.V. 1978. Characteristics of the Landsat Multispectral Data System. U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Open File Report File Report 78-187. Sioux Falls, SD. Thompson, D.R., and O.A. Wehmanen. 1980. Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in corn-soybean growing region. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens. 46:1082-1089. Williams, D.L., J.R. Irons, B.L. Markham, R.F. Nelson, D.L. Toll, R.S.Latty, and M.L. Stauffer. 1984. A statistical evaluation of the advantages of Landsat Thematic Mapper data in comparison to Multi-spectral Scanner data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-22. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation The Collected Data of the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) are currently archived at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 18. Glossary of Terms None. 19. List of Acronyms ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System BPI - Byte per inch BSQ - Band Sequential CCRS - Canada for Remote Sensing CCT - Computer Compatible Tape CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center DAT - Digital Archive Tape EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System EROS - Earth Resources and Observational Systems ERTS - Earth Resources Technology Satellite FOLD - Federally Owned Landsat Database GICS - Geocoded Image Correction System GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center IFOV - Instantaneous Field-of-View LGSOWG - Landsat Ground Station Operations Working Group LTWG - LGSOWG Technical Working Group MSS - Multispectral Scanner NAD27 - North American Datum 1927 NAD83 - North American Datum 1983 NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NSA - Northern Study Area ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory SSA - Southern Study Area TIPS - Thematic Mapper Image Processing System TM - Thematic Mapper URL - Uniform Resource Locator UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator WWW - World Wide Web 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date Written: 15-Jun-1998 Last Updated: 02-Jul-1998 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 01-Jul-1998 Science Review: 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation The Landsat Multi_Spectral Scanner (MSS) images were acquired by CCRS and processed by RADARSAT International under an agreement with CCRS, and from the USGS EROS Data Center in South Dakota. The efforts of these groups and the BORIS staff in providing these data are greatly appreciated. 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL LANDSAT LANDSAT MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER EMITTED RADIATION REFLECTED RADIATION LANDSAT_MSS.doc 07/07/98