BOREAS HYD-03 Snow Measurements
Summary
The BOREAS HYD-03 team collected several data sets related to the hydrology of
forested areas. This data set contains measurements of snow depth, snow density
in 3-cm intervals, an integrated snow pack density and snow water equivalent
(SWE), and snow pack physical properties from snow pit evaluation taken in 1994
and 1996. The data were collected from several sites in both the SSA and the
NSA. A variety of standard tools were used to measure the snowpack properties,
including a meter stick (snow depth), a 100 cc snow density cutter, a dial stem
thermometer and the Canadian snow sampler as used by HYD-04 to obtain a snow
pack-integrated measure of SWE. This study was undertaken to predict spatial
distributions of snow properties important to the hydrology, remote sensing
signatures, and the transmissivity of gases through the snow. The data are
available in tabular ASCII files.
Table of Contents
* 1 Data Set Overview
* 2 Investigator(s)
* 3 Theory of Measurements
* 4 Equipment
* 5 Data Acquisition Methods
* 6 Observations
* 7 Data Description
* 8 Data Organization
* 9 Data Manipulations
* 10 Errors
* 11 Notes
* 12 Application of the Data Set
* 13 Future Modifications and Plans
* 14 Software
* 15 Data Access
* 16 Output Products and Availability
* 17 References
* 18 Glossary of Terms
* 19 List of Acronyms
* 20 Document Information
1. Data Set Overview
1.1 Data Set Identification
BOREAS HYD-03 Snow Measurements
1.2 Data Set Introduction
The data pertaining to this documentation include all snow-related
measurements made during the field campaigns. These measurements include
snow depth and density in 3-cm intervals and integrated throughout the
snow pack as well as snow temperatures. The data were collected from several
sites in both the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Southern Study Area
(SSA) and the Northern Study Area (NSA). A variety of standard tools were used
to measure the snow pack properties including a meter stick (snow depth), a
100-cc snow density cutter, a dial stem thermometer, and the Canadian snow
sampler as used by HYD-04 to obtain a snow pack-integrated measure of snow water
equivalent (SWE).
1.3 Objective/Purpose
This study was undertaken to predict spatial distributions of snow properties
important to the hydrology, remote sensing signatures, and the transmissivity of
gases through the snow.
1.4 Summary of Parameters
Parameters measured with respect to this documentation are snow depth
variability and snow density specific to land cover types at the flux tower
sites visited. These data allow the calculation of SWE. Additional parameters
measured include snow pack temperatures.
1.5 Discussion
This study was conducted under the hypothesis that energy transfer and SWE would
vary spatially as a function of both the canopy closure and the distance from
tree stems. Therefore, to obtain an accurate spatial average, random locations
were measured irrespective of the location of trees. The representativeness of
the snow depths to the site depends partially on the number of measurements. Raw
measurements of snow depths near tree stems and under different canopy closures
are available from the Principal Investigator (PI). Certain snow metamorphic
processes are driven by snow pack temperature gradients and an effort was made
to measure that variable in the boreal forests.
1.6 Related Data Sets
BOREAS HYD-04 Standard Snow Course Data
BOREAS HYD-04 Areal Snow Course Data
2. Investigator(s)
2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title
Robert E. Davis
Research Physical Scientist
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
2.2 Title of Investigation
Distributed Energy Transfer Modeling in Snow and Soil for Boreal Ecosystems
2.3 Contact Information
Contact 1:
----------------
Janet P. Hardy
U.S. Army CRREL
Hanover, NH
(603) 646-4306
(603) 646-4397 (fax)
jhardy@.crrel.usace.army.mil
Contact 2:
----------------
Dr. Robert E. Davis
U.S. Army CRREL
Hanover, NH
(603) 646-4219
(603) 646-4397 (fax)
bert@crrel.usace.army.mil
Contact 3:
----------------
David Knapp
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-1424
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
David.Knapp@gsfc.nasa.gov
3. Theory of Measurements
Several random snow depth measurements were made over the area around each site
to assess the variability of snow depth. At one or more locations in the
forest, snow pits were dug and profiles of the snow density and temperature were
included in the measurements. The snow density profiles were used to calculate
an average snow pack density to test the assumption that average density was
more conservative than depth. This assumption proved valid; thus measurements
of snow depth, in conjunction with average snow pack density, provide accurate
estimates of SWE. SWE is the vertical depth of water that would be obtained by
melting the snow.
Snow temperature measurements were made in part to initialize the snow
process model as well as to provide important information for estimating the
timing of snow ablation.
4. Equipment
4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description
Centimeter scale (meter stick) - for snow depth measurements.
100-cc snow density cutter - allows weight measurement of 100-cc volume of snow,
from which the snow density is determined. The dimensions of the cutter are 3
cm x 5.5 cm x 6 cm. This technique measures snow density at intervals of 3 cm
height.
Electronic top loader balance - provides weight of snow, which allows
determination of snow densities accurate within 5% (cutter and scale together).
Canadian snow sampler - measures snow depth and provides data on an integrated
snow density and SWE.
4.1.1 Collection Environment
All data were collected during winter environments. The equipment used is
designed for winter use, so the collection environment was
appropriate for these measurements.
4.1.2 Source/Platform
Ground.
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives
This work was undertaken at several sites within the BOREAS modeling area
to obtain a better understanding of the variations of snow depth and density in
different land cover types.
4.1.4 Key Variables
snow depth
snow pack density
SWE
snow temperature
4.1.5 Principles of Operation
The centimeter scale is inserted into the snow pack, and the depth of the snow
is read from the scale. For snow density, a known volume of snow is weighed and
its volume density is then determined from the formula in Section 9.1. Two
different techniques were used to determine snow density. One used the 100-cc
snow cutter, and the other used the Canadian snow sampler.
Snow temperatures are read from a horizontally inserted thermometer.
4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry
Not applicable.
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument
Snow density cutter:
SNOWMETRICS
Box 52
Wilson, WY 83014
(307) 739-9458
Electronic balance:
ACCULAB
8 Pheasant Run
Newtown, PA 18940
(215) 579-3170
Canadian snow sampler:
(No manufacturer�s address was given)
1-Eastern Snow Conference (ESC)-30 snow sampler
1-spring balance for ESC-30
1-cradle
1-measuring stick/ruler (cm).
Thermometer:
Cole - Palmer Instrument Co.
7425 North Oak Park Ave.
Niles, IL 60714-9930
4.2 Calibration
The electronic balance was calibrated using a 200-gram calibration weight.
Thermometers were calibrated using the ice bath calibration method. This
method involves placing the temperature sensors in a well mixed combination
of water and ice, which will have a known temperature of 0 �C. Thermometers
are then adjusted as close as possible to 0 �C while in the ice bath.
4.2.1 Specifications
Not available.
4.2.1.1 Tolerance
Electronic balance:
Accuracy is within 5% when used in conjunction with snow density cutter (+/- 0.1
g when used alone).
Thermometer:
Range: -50 �C to 150 �C
+/- 0.8% full-scale precision or +/- 1.5 �C
Resolution = 0.1 �C
4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration
Prior to field use.
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information
Not available.
5. Data Acquisition Methods
100-cc Snow Cutter:
Snow depth measurements were made with a centimeter scale by walking through the
area taking random depth measurements. A zero snow depth occurred when the
measurement landed at a tree stem. For the snow density profiles, a
representative area was chosen, a vertical exposure of the snow pack was exposed
to the north, and snow density measurements were made with the 100cc snow cutter
every 3 vertical cm until the entire snow pack was measured (i.e. a 45 cm deep
snow pack would require 15 measurements of snow density to obtain the snow pack
density profile).
Canadian Snow Sampler:
The Canadian snow sampler is used by inserting the tube through the snow
pack to the soil, twisting the tube, and removing the tube and snow core.
The tube and snow core are weighted using the spring scale, and the snow
depth is read from the centimeter scale on the tube.
Snow Temperature:
Snow temperature measurements are made by inserting the thermometer
horizontally into the snow pit at 10-cm height intervals. Temperatures are
read directly off the thermometer dial to the nearest degree once the
thermometer has stabilized.
6. Observations
6.1 Data Notes
None.
6.2 Field Notes
None.
7. Data Description
7.1 Spatial Characteristics
7.1.1 Spatial Coverage
Point measurements were scattered over a 1-hectare area within 50 meters of the
flux tower, if it was near a flux tower site. The following coordinates are
approximate and based on the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
SWE:
SITE_ID LONGITUDE LATITUDE
------------------------- ---------- ----------
SSA-OBS-HYD03-HYD03-SWE01 -105.11779 53.98717
SSA-AGR-HYD03-HYD03-SWE01 -104.78041 53.57649
NSA-OJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SWE01 -98.62028 55.93011
NSA-9BS-HYD3A-HYD03-SWE01 -97.89026 55.81011
NSA-YBS-HYD03-HYD03-SWE01 -97.87026 55.83011
NSA-MIX-HYD03-HYD03-SWE01 -97.84025 55.85011
NSA-9BS-HYD3B-HYD03-SWE01 -97.82025 55.87011
NSA-YJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SWE01 -98.29027 55.90011
SSA-MIX-110B1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.82606 54.58848
SSA-999-110C1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.82461 54.57386
SSA-ASP-110E1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.81461 54.54696
SSA-BSH-110G1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.81221 54.52526
SSA-ASP-110H1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.8067 54.50956
SSA-BRN-110J1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.8123 54.48146
SSA-ASP-110K1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.81 54.46696
SSA-CLR-110L1-HYD03-SWE01 -105.8024 54.43746
SSA-YJP-122D1-HYD03-SWE01 -104.61914 53.84426
SSA-999-122E1-HYD03-SWE01 -104.61944 53.84916
SSA-MIX-122F1-HYD03-SWE01 -104.62214 53.85586
SSA-MIX-122G1-HYD03-SWE01 -104.60623 53.89836
SSA-999-WSK01-HYD03-SWE01 -106.0705 53.94005
SSA-9OA-FLXTR-HYD03-SWE01 -106.19051 53.63005
NSA-OBS-FLXTR-HYD03-SWE01 -98.48027 55.8801
SSA-OJP-HYD03-HYD03-SWE01 -104.69044 53.92006
SSA-9PR-HYD03-HYD03-SWE01 -105.27048 53.56005
Snow Depth Sites:
SITE_ID LONGITUDE LATITUDE
------------------------- ---------- ----------
SSA-OJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SDP01 -104.69203 53.91634
SSA-AGR-HYD03-HYD03-SDP01 -104.78041 53.57649
SSA-WAT-FLXTR-HYD03-SDP01 -106.04122 53.83105
SSA-9OA-FLXTR-HYD03-SDP01 -106.19779 53.62889
SSA-OBS-FLXTR-HYD03-SDP01 -105.11779 53.98717
Snow Pits:
SITE_ID LONGITUDE LATITUDE
------------------------- ---------- ----------
SSA-AGR-HYD03-HYD03-SPT01 -104.78041 53.57649
SSA-WAT-FLXTR-HYD03-SPT01 -106.04122 53.83105
SSA-9OA-FLXTR-HYD03-SPT01 -106.19779 53.62889
SSA-OBS-FLXTR-HYD03-SPT01 -105.11779 53.98717
SSA-999-WSK04-HYD03-SPT01 -106.09068 53.9232
SSA-OJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SPT01 -104.69203 53.91634
Snow Temperature:
SITE_ID LONGITUDE LATITUDE
------------------------- ---------- ----------
NSA-9BS-HYD3B-HYD03-SHT06 -97.82025 55.87011
NSA-9BS-HYD3A-HYD03-SHT01 -97.89026 55.81011
NSA-9BS-HYD3A-HYD03-SHT02 -97.89026 55.81011
NSA-YBS-HYD03-HYD03-SHT03 -97.87026 55.83011
NSA-MIX-HYD03-HYD03-SHT04 -97.84025 55.85011
NSA-9BS-HYD3B-HYD03-SHT05 -97.82025 55.87011
NSA-YJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SHT01 -98.29027 55.90011
NSA-OJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SHT01 -98.62028 55.93011
NSA-OBS-FLXTR-HYD03-SHT01 -98.48027 55.8801
SSA-9PR-HYD03-HYD03-SHT01 -105.27048 53.56005
Subcanopy Meteorological:
SITE_ID LONGITUDE LATITUDE
------------------------- ---------- ----------
SSA-OBS-FLXTR-HYD03-SCM01 -105.11779 53.98717
SSA-OJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SCM01 -104.69203 53.91634
SSA-9OA-FLXTR-HYD03-SCM01 -106.19779 53.62889
Subcanopy Radiation:
SITE_ID LONGITUDE LATITUDE
------------------------- ---------- ----------
SSA-OBS-FLXTR-HYD03-SCR01 -105.11779 53.98717
SSA-9OA-FLXTR-HYD03-SCR01 -106.19779 53.62889
SSA-OJP-FLXTR-HYD03-SCR01 -104.69203 53.91634
7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map
Not available.
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution
Point source data (snow pits).
7.1.4 Projection
The locations of these point sites are based on NAD83.
7.1.5 Grid Description
Not applicable.
7.2 Temporal Characteristics
7.2.1 Temporal Coverage
1994: Focused Field Campaign-Winter (FFC-W) (05-Feb-1994 to 15-Feb-1994) and
FFC-Thaw (FFC-T) (17-Apr-1994 to 27-Apr-1994)
1996: FFC-W (29-Feb-1996 to 12-Mar-1996)
7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map
05-Feb-1994 SSA-Prairie
06-Feb-1994 SSA-Old Jack Pine (OJP)
07-08-Feb-1994 SSA: Transect near Montreal Lake (Gamma Calibration Lines)
09-Feb-1994 SSA-Waskesui Lake
10-Feb-1994 SSA-Old Aspen (OA)
13-Feb-1994 NSA: near AYJP on Gilliam Road.
14-Feb-1994 NSA-Young Jack Pine (YJP)
15-Feb-1994 NSA-OJP
17-Apr-1994 NSA-YJP
18-Apr-1994 NSA-Old Black Spruce (OBS)
20-Apr-1994 NSA-OBS
22-Apr-1994 NSA-YJP
24-Apr-1994 NSA-YJP
24-Apr-1994 NSA-YJP
25-Apr-1994 NSA-OJP
26-Apr-1994 NSA-YJP
27-Apr-1994 NSA-OPEN
29-Feb-1996 SSA-OBS
01-Mar-1996 SSA-AG
02-Mar-1996 SSA-OBS
04-Mar-1996 SSA-OA
05-Mar-1996 SSA-OJP
07-Mar-1996 SSA-Namekus
11-Mar-1996 SSA-OJP
12-Mar-1996 SSA-Waskesui
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution
Snow depth, SWE: biweekly during FFC-W 1994, 3-5 days during FFC-T 1994, more
frequently depending on weather.
Snow temperatures: FFC-W 1994 - 1-3 days (less for the upper portion of the snow
pack).
FFC-T 1994 - Once the snow pack is isothermal at 0 �C during the thaw period,
the top portion of the snow pack may show some diurnal temperature
fluctuations, but otherwise the snow pack may remain at the melting point
until the snow is gone.
7.3 Data Characteristics
Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition files
(h03sd96d.def), (h03sp96d.def), (h03swed.def), (h3swe96d.def), and
(h03sntmd.def).
7.4 Sample Data Record
Sample data format shown in the companion data definition files (h03sd96d.def),
(h03sp96d.def), (h03swed.def), (h3swe96d.def), and (h03sntmd.def).
8. Data Organization
8.1 Data Granularity
All of the Snow Measurement Data are contained in the following datasets:
(h03sd96d.dat), (h03sp96d.dat), (h03swed.dat), (h3swe96d.dat), and
(h03sntmd.dat).
8.2 Data Format(s)
The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe
marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in
the companion data definition files (h03sd96d.def), (h03sp96d.def),
(h03swed.def), (h3swe96d.def), and (h03sntmd.def).
9. Data Manipulations
9.1 Formulae
To determine snow pack SWE:
Snow depth (mm) x [snow density (kg/m3)/1000] = SWE (mm)
9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms
Not applicable.
9.2 Data Processing Sequence
9.2.1 Processing Steps
For snow density and snow water equivalence:
1). Determine mean snow depth at site.
2). Determine mean snow pack density at site (if more than one snow pack
density measurement exists at any site then average the means).
3). Use formula above to calculate SWE.
9.2.2 Processing Changes
None.
9.3 Calculations
9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments
None.
9.3.2 Calculated Variables
None.
9.4 Graphs and Plots
None.
10. Errors
10.1 Sources of Error
1. In measuring snow depth, the probe may at times hit a fallen branch or
understory and underestimate snow depth at that point.
2. Snow pack density data were often derived from a single snow pit evaluation.
Error would be reduced if it was practical to obtain several measurements of
mean snow pack density.
3. An unresolved, systematic discrepancy exists between the determination of
snow water equivalence using the Canadian Snow Sampler and the technique using
mean snow depths and mean snow pack density determined from the 100 cc density
cutter.
10.2 Quality Assessment
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source
Comparison was attempted with HYD-04 snow survey data. Data were similar,
but time and location of data collection points were not the same and
therefore cannot be directly compared.
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment
The confidence in snow depth data is a function of the number of measurements
made (n) at each site. The more measurements made, the better the variability
is represented and therefore the greater the confidence.
The snow temperature data are good indications of the temperature gradient
at that point. The temperature gradient will vary with snow depth,
proximity to a tree, or snow pack base (i.e., forest floor, ice on pond).
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters
Snow density measurement accuracy = 5%.
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments
The data were doublechecked. Calculations were performed at least twice, and
more often if a discrepancy existed.
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center
These data were reviewed to make sure that data were loaded properly.
11. Notes
11.1 Limitations of the Data
Snow depth and density and temperatures can be highly variable in forested
environments. A single data point cannot accurately represent a forest
snow pack. Also, during periods of thaw, the snow pack changes rapidly, and
a measurement made on one day may not have much bearing on the snow pack
the next day. Note that on 09-Mar-1996 the daily high air temperature
reached 0 �C and stayed above freezing for most of the remainder of the
field campaign. During this period, the snow pack changed rapidly.
11.2 Known Problems with the Data
An unresolved, systematic discrepancy exists between the determination of snow
water equivalence using the Canadian Snow Sampler and the technique using mean
snow depths and mean snow pack density determined from the 100 cc density
cutter.
11.3 Usage Guidance
See Section 11.1.
11.4 Other Relevant Information
Canadian snow samplers are brittle when very cold, as Piers Sellers found out.
12. Application of the Data Set
This data set could be used for a quantitative analysis to compare SWE
among different land cover types. The data are also useful for snow
modeling purposes or estimating the water potentially available to the soil
systems.
13. Future Modifications and Plans
None.
14. Software
14.1 Software Description
An undetermined spreadsheet software program was used to organize the data.
14.2 Software Access
None given.
15. Data Access (This section for BORIS and ORNL DAAC Use)
Primary contact:
Ms. Beth Nelson
BOREAS Data Manager
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-4005
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
beth@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov
15.2 Data Center Identification
See Section 15.1.
15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, fax, or personal visit.
15.4 Data Center Status/Plans
The HYD-03 snow measurement data are available from the Earth Observing System
Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov
16. Output Products and Availability
16.1 Tape Products
Contact BORIS staff.
16.2 Film Products
Contact BORIS staff.
16.3 Other Products
Contact BORIS staff.
17. References
17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation
Not applicable.
17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports
Davis, R.E., C. Woodcock, and J.P. Hardy. 1996. Toward spatially distributed
modeling of snow in the boreal forest. Eos Transactions, AGU 1995 Fall Meeting,
Abstract, p. 218.
Davis, R.E., J.P. Hardy, W. Ni, C. Woodcock, C.J. McKenzie, R. Jordan, and
X. Li. 1997. Variation of snow ablation in the boreal forest: A sensitivity
study on the effects of conifer canopy. Journal of Geophysical Research.
102(D24):29389-29396.
Hardy, J.P., R.E. Davis, and G.C. Winston. 1995. Evolution of factors
affecting gas transmissivity of snow in the boreal forest. In: Biogeochemistry
of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments (ed. by K. Tonnessen, M.W. Williams, and
M. Tranter) (Proc. Boulder Symp., July 1995). IAHS publication no. 228, p. 51-
60.
Hardy, J.P., R.E. Davis, and R. Jordan. 1996. Snow melt modeling in the boreal
forest. Eos Transactions, AGU 1996 Fall Meeting, abstract, p. 196.
Hardy, J.P., R.E. Davis, and J.C. McKenzie. 1995. Snow Distribution Around
Trees: Incorporation of snow interception patterns into spatially distributed
snow models. Eos Transactions, AGU 1995 Fall Meeting, Abstract, p. 202.
Hardy, J.P., R.E. Davis, R. Jordan, X. Li, C. Woodcock, W. Ni, and J.C.
McKenzie. 1997. Snow ablation modeling at the stand scale in a boreal
jack pine forest. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102(D24): 29397-29406.
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96).
Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan,
K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer,
D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,
D.E. Wickland, F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview,
scientific results, and future directions. Journal of Geophysical Research.
102(D24):28731-28770.
Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J.
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E.
Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and
early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society. 76(9):1549-1577.
Winston, G.C., B.B. Stephens, E.T. Sundquist, J.P. Hardy, and R.E. Davis.
1995. Seasonal variability in gas transport through snow in a boreal
forest. In: Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments (ed. by
K. Tonnessen, M.W. Williams, and M. Tranter) (Proc. Boulder Symp., July
1995). IAHS publication no. 228, p. 61-70.
17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation
None.
18. Glossary of Terms
None.
19. List of Acronyms
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
BORIS - BOREAS Information System
cc - cubic centimeters
CGR - Certified by Group
CPI - Certified by Principal Investigator
CPI-??? - CPI but questionable
CRREL - Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory
DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center
EOS - Earth Observing System
EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System
FFC-T - Focused Field Campaign-Thaw
FFC-W - Focused Field Campaign-Winter
GMT - Greenwich Mean Time
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center
HYD - Hydrology
NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NSA - BOREAS Northern Study Area
OBS - Old Black Spruce
OJP - Old Jack Pine
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PANP - Prince Albert National Park
PI - Principal Investigator
PRE - Preliminary
SSA - BOREAS Southern Study Area
SWE - Snow Water Equivalent
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
YBS - Young Black Spruce
YJP - Young Jack Pine
20. Document Information
20.1 Document Revision Date
Written: 25-Mar-1997
Revised: 20-Mar-1998
20.2 Document Review Date(s)
BORIS Review: 12-Mar-1998
Science Review: 15-Jul-1997
20.3 Document ID
20.4 Citation
20.5 Document Curator
20.6 Document URL
Keywords
SNOW
SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT
HYD03_Snow_Meas.doc
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