BOREAS AFM-06 NOAA/ETL 35-GHz Cloud/Turbulence Radar GIF Images
Summary
The BOREAS AFM-06 team from NOAA/ETL operated a 35-GHz cloud-sensing radar in
the NSA near the OJP tower from 16-Jul-1994 to 08-Aug-1994. This data set
contains a time series of GIF images that show the structure of the lower
atmosphere.
Table of Contents
* 1 Data Set Overview
* 2 Investigator(s)
* 3 Theory of Measurements
* 4 Equipment
* 5 Data Acquisition Methods
* 6 Observations
* 7 Data Description
* 8 Data Organization
* 9 Data Manipulations
* 10 Errors
* 11 Notes
* 12 Application of the Data Set
* 13 Future Modifications and Plans
* 14 Software
* 15 Data Access
* 16 Output Products and Availability
* 17 References
* 18 Glossary of Terms
* 19 List of Acronyms
* 20 Document Information
1. Data Set Overview
1.1 Data Set Identification
BOREAS AFM-06 NOAA/ETL 35-GHz Cloud/Turbulence Radar GIF Images
1.2 Data Set Introduction
This data set contains Graphical Interchange Format (GIF) images derived from
radar data. The data were collected during July and August in the BOReal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA) approximately 1 km
northeast of the Old Jack Pine (OJP) tower. The images provide a visual
depiction of the atmospheric structure during the data collection periods. Each
.gif file contains two panels. The top panel is radar reflectivity in dBZ units
(which are commonly used in radar meteorology). This is the intensity of the
backscattered signal, and for water droplets it is related to the size and
concentration of the drops. The hotter the color the, stronger the returned
signal. The lower panel is the measured Doppler vertical velocity in units of
m/s. Warm colors represent upward motion and cool colors signify downward
motion. Often, the cloud image covers more area on the velocity image than on
the reflectivity image because the radar's velocity measurements can detect
weaker targets.
1.3 Objective/Purpose
The field work objective was to measure turbulence characteristics of the outer
boundary layer (above 100 m above ground level (AGL)) and the structure and
kinematics of tropospheric clouds, including multiple cloud layer heights and
thicknesses. The scientific analysis goal is to use these radar measurements,
in combination with tower and aircraft flux measurements, to examine how clouds
and outer boundary layer motions affect surface layer fluxes. The data may also
be useful for extending the height-limited momentum flux measurements.
1.4 Summary of Parameters
Parameters measured by the radar at every range gate include:
radar reflectivity factor (dBZ)
radial Doppler velocity (m/s)
variance of the Doppler velocity spectrum (m2/s2)
depolarization ratio (dB)
Various other parameters, such as momentum fluxes, may be derived from these
basic measurements.
1.5 Discussion
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Technology
Laboratory (ETL) personnel operated a 35-GHz cloud-sensing radar in the BOREAS
Northern Study Area throughout Intensive Field Campaign (IFC)-2 during midsummer
of 1994. This work is one aspect of the research by the Airborne Fluxes and
Meteorology (AFM)-06 team. The other aspect was the data collection by a 915-
MHz wind profiler/Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) in the Southern Study
Area (SSA), as documented in a separate data set.
The .gif files are time-height images of the structure and kinematics of
clouds and other particulate scatters (such as insects) over the radar site
for periods when the radar was pointing at the zenith. Thus, the images
provide a history of the clouds, etc., as they passed over the radar.
Insect echoes are limited to the boundary layer, usually less than 2 km
above ground. Stratus clouds sometimes also occupied those low altitudes.
1.6 Related Data Sets
BOREAS AFM-05 Level-1 Upper Air Network Data
BOREAS AFM-05 Level-2 Upper Air Network Standard Pressure Level Data
BOREAS AFM-06 Boundary Layer Height Data
BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data
BOREAS TF-08 NSA-OJP Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data
2. Investigator(s)
2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title
Robert Banta, Brooks Martner, James Wilczak
NOAA/ETL
2.2 Title of Investigation
Outer Boundary Layer Effects on Surface Fluxes of Momentum, Heat, Moisture, and
Greenhouse Gases from the Boreal Forest
2.3 Contact Information
Contact 1
-------------
Brooks E. Martner
NOAA/ETL
Boulder, CO
(303) 497-6375
bmartner@etl.noaa.gov
Contact 2
------------
Jeffrey A. Newcomer
Raytheon ITSS
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-7858
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov
3. Theory of Measurements
The radar is an active remote sensor that transmits pulses of microwave energy
and receives signals backscattered from targets in the beam. The Doppler shift
caused by the targets' motions is determined by measuring and comparing the
phase of the transmitted and received signals. In the BOREAS data set, the
targets are primarily cloud hydrometeors and/or insects. Both are treated as
tracers of the atmospheric motions.
4. Equipment
4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description
The cloud-sensing radar is a 35 GHz (8-mm wavelength, Ka-band) Doppler, dual-
polarization system developed at NOAA/ETL. Its Doppler capability allows the
velocity of the backscattering targets to be measured, and its short wavelength
(compared to storm-monitoring radars) gives it the ability to detect clouds as
well as precipitation. It can also obtain measurements in the cloudless
boundary layer from backscatter off of insects, bits of vegetation, seeds, and
perhaps giant aerosols that are prevalent in warm seasons over continental
locations.
Two scanning modes were used in BOREAS:
1. Vertical. The antenna pointed continuously at the zenith. In this mode,
high-resolution measurements were obtained of vertical velocity fluctuations in
the boundary layer as a function of time and height. It also provided
uninterrupted monitoring of cloud conditions over the site.
2. Conical. The antenna repeated a series of four elevation sweeps (35, 51,
69, and 90 degrees above the horizon) every 6 minutes. This mode allowed the
horizontal components of the wind to be measured in addition to the vertical
wind. Post-processing with velocity azimuth display (VAD) software computes
profiles of the mean wind, momentum fluxes (u'w', v'w'), and higher order
turbulence statistics for a large volume of air over the radar.
NOAA/ETL 35-GHz Cloud/Turbulence Radar
Range resolution = 37.5 m
Range limits = 0.15-12.4
Temporal resolution = 3.33 Hz (vertical mode)
(Complete hardware and operating characteristics table can be obtained from B.
Martner, NOAA/ETL.)
4.1.1 Collection Environment
Data were collected during a variety of weather conditions, as described in
Section 7.2.
4.1.2 Source/Platform
The radar was ground-based and mounted on two trailers.
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives
The purpose of the trailers was to contain and support the radar measurement
equipment.
4.1.4 Key Variables
Radar reflectivity factor (dBZ)
Radial Doppler velocity (m/s)
Variance of the Doppler velocity spectrum (m2/s2)
Circular Depolarizaton Ratio (dB)
4.1.5 Principles of Operation
Standard Doppler radar techniques
4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry
Continuous, fixed-beam vertical scanning or continuous conical scanning (See
Section 1.5).
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument
NOAA/ETL
325 Broadway
Boulder, CO 80303
4.2 Calibration
Antenna gain and power patterns have been range-tested. Receiver calibrations
are conducted before each field project. Typical measurement accuracies are +/-
1 dB for reflectivity and +/- 5-10 cm/s for radial velocity.
4.2.1 Specifications
None given.
4.2.1.1 Tolerance
None given.
4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration
None given.
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information
None given.
5. Data Acquisition Methods
Two scanning modes were used in BOREAS:
1. Vertical. The antenna pointed continuously at the zenith for long periods
(several hours). In this mode, high-resolution measurements were obtained of
the vertical velocity fluctuations in the boundary layer as a function of time
and height. This mode also provided uninterrupted monitoring of cloud
conditions over the radar site.
2. Conical. The antenna repeated a series of four elevation angle sweeps (35,
51, 69, and 90 degrees above the horizon) every 6 minutes. This mode allowed
horizontal components of the wind to be measured in addition to the vertical
wind. Post-processing with VAD software computes profiles of the mean wind,
momentum fluxes, and higher order turbulence statistics for a large volume over
the radar.
6. Observations
6.1 Data Notes
The vertical data in this part of the cloud radar data set (Part I) are provided
only in the form of images. The images are in GIF format, which can be
displayed with various graphics packages. The image files are provided to give
investigators a visual impression of the cloudiness (layer heights, thicknesses,
intensities) and the strength of vertical motion fluctuations in the boundary
layer as a function of time and height near the NSA-OJP site.
Because the radar collects huge amounts of data (typically 100 megabytes per
hour), a greatly reduced processed set of data is provided for distribution by
the BOREAS Information System (BORIS). The original data are archived at
NOAA/ETL on 46 8-mm digital video tapes in the Common Doppler Radar Data
Exchange Format (also called "universal format") that is used by many radar
meteorology research groups.
6.2 Field Notes
Extensive field notes were recorded in an electronic log book by the radar crew.
These notes contain comments about weather conditions, experimental events,
equipment problems, etc. Each entry was automatically tagged with the time in
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), date, and topic category. The notes were recorded in
WordPerfect format. The hardcopy printout totals about 100 pages. Notes for
specific dates are available, upon request, from Brooks Martner (See Section
2.3).
7. Data Description
7.1 Spatial Characteristics
7.1.1 Spatial Coverage
The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates of the site are:
Lat. = 55 deg. 56 min. 00 sec.
Long. = 98 deg. 36 min. 52 sec.
Alt. = 290 m ASL
This location is within the NSA, about 60 km west-northwest of Thompson and
approximately 1 km northeast of the NSA-OJP flux tower.
7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map
Not applicable.
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution
Beamwidth = 0.5 degrees
Range resolution = 37.5 m
Range limits = 0.15-12.45 km (= 328 range gates)
7.1.4 Projection
Not applicable.
7.1.5 Grid Description
Not applicable.
7.2 Temporal Characteristics
7.2.1 Temporal Coverage
The radar operated in one of two modes, almost continuously, day and night,
during IFC-2 and a few days earlier.
The dates of radar operation and some general notes are included in the
following table.
Start End
Date Time Date Time
(GMT) (GMT) Weather; Scan mode
----------- ----------- ---------------------------------------------
07/16 22:21 07/17 14:21 mostly clear; vertical
07/17 16:40 07/17 22:10 clear skies; vertical
07/17 22:10 07/18 14:38 clear skies; vertical
07/18 15:50 07/19 00:01 mostly clear; conical
07/19 00:02 07/19 15:08 layer clouds, light rain; conical
07/19 15:14 07/19 21:40 rain; vertical and conical
07/19 21:50 07/20 15:00 rain then overcast; conical
07/20 15:14 07/20 23:15 clearing, cirrus & cumuli; vertical
07/20 23:16 07/21 14:54 cumuli then clear; vertical
07/21 15:15 07/21 22:28 clear; conical
07/21 22:29 07/22 14:33 clouds & showers; vertical
07/22 15:09 07/22 21:33 post-front clear & cloud; conical
07/22 21:33 07/23 15:03 variable cloudiness; conical
07/23 16:02 07/23 22:29 windy, cumuli then clear; vertical
07/23 22:29 07/24 14:33 cloud layers move in; vertical
07/24 14:45 07/24 21:54 stratus; vertical
07/24 21:54 07/25 15:25 cumuli, clear, layers; conical
07/25 15:35 07/25 22:39 showers, deep layer; conical
07/25 22:39 07/26 09:21 clearing; conical
07/26 14:48 07/26 22:47 clear, cloudy, clear; vertical
07/27 15:15 07/27 22:21 cirrus; conical
07/27 22:21 07/28 14:52 cirrus then clear; vertical
07/28 15:01 07/28 22:18 clear; conical
07/28 22:18 07/29 14:11 clear, brief cirrus; vertical
07/29 15:05 07/29 22:16 clear, a few cirrus; conical
07/29 22:16 07/30 14:47 cirrus then clear; vertical
07/30 15:21 07/30 22:20 clear; conical
07/30 22:24 07/31 14:24 clear; vertical
07/31 14:40 07/31 21:15 clear; conical
07/31 21:15 08/01 14:45 clear then cirrus; vertical
08/01 14:56 08/01 22:25 cirrus; conical
08/01 22:25 08/02 14:56 layer clouds, virga; vertical
08/02 15:04 08/02 22:33 cold front clouds; conical
08/02 22:34 08/03 11:03 altostratus, stratus, clear; conical
08/03 15:37 08/03 22:07 cloud layers; vertical
08/03 22:08 08/04 14:08 stratus, clear, cirrus; vertical
08/04 14:19 08/04 22:31 clear; conical
08/04 22:31 08/05 00:54 clear; conical
08/05 15:06 08/05 22:18 cirrus, altostratus; mostly vertical
08/05 22:18 08/06 14:38 increasing clouds, rain; vertical
08/06 15:00 08/06 22:31 stratus; vertical
08/06 22:31 08/07 14:34 thin stratus; vertical
08/07 14:47 08/07 22:01 thin stratus; mostly vertical
08/07 22:01 08/08 10:14 thin stratus, clearing; vertical
08/08 14:38 08/08 18:39 clear, fair weather cumuli; conical
08/08 18:58 08/08 22:57 fair weather cumuli; conical
7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map
Not available.
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution
Vertical mode: 20 beams/minute for routine averaged data
(200 beams/minute for raw data)
30-minute volumes (= 600 beams/volume)
Conical mode: 291 beams/sweep
1 sweep/90 seconds
4 sweeps/volume (= 1 volume every 6 minutes)
7.3 Data Characteristics
7.3.1 Parameter/Variable
CLOUD HEIGHT
DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY
RADAR REFLECTIVITY
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition
CLOUD HEIGHT Height of the clouds in km.
DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY Warm colors represent upward motion
and cool colors signify downward
motion. Often, the cloud image covers
more area on the velocity image than
on the reflectivity image because the
radar's velocity measurements can
detect weaker targets.
RADAR REFLECTIVITY The intensity of the backscattered
signal, and for water droplets it is
related to the size and concentration
of the drops. The hotter the color
the stronger the returned signal.
7.3.3 Unit of Measurement
CLOUD HEIGHT km
DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY m/sec
RADAR REFLECTIVITY dbZ
7.3.4 Data Source
Analysis of raw radar data.
7.3.5 Data Range
CLOUD HEIGHT 0-12 km agl
DOPPLER VERTICAL VELOCITY -40 to 17.5
RADAR REFLECTIVITY -40 to 17.5
7.4 Sample Data Record
Not applicable.
8. Data Organization
8.1 Data Granularity
The smallest unit of data tracked by BORIS is the entire set of GIF images.
8.2 Data Format(s)
The entire set of GIF images is stored in a single Unix tar file. Within the
Tar file are 603 GIF images. Each image shows a time series profile of the
atmosphere as it passed over the radar site.
9. Data Manipulations
9.1 Formulae
None given.
9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms
The image data contain direct measurements of radar reflectivity and vertical
Doppler velocity as recorded by the instrument. The only processing of the
measurements is temporal averaging of data. The displayed data have 3-sec
resolution, which represents an average of 10 individual raw data beams that are
recorded at the rate of one raw beam every 3/10 sec.
9.2 Data Processing Sequence
9.2.1 Processing Steps
See Section 9.1.1.
9.2.2 Processing Changes
None given.
9.3 Calculations
9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments
See Section 9.1.1.
9.3.2 Calculated Variables
See Section 9.1.1.
9.4 Graphs and Plots
The vertical data were provided to BORIS in the form of time-height plots.
10. Errors
10.1 Sources of Error
One known source of error is the strong attenuation of the radar's microwave
energy by rainfall. Rain or water on the antenna's waveguide feed window will
usually invalidate the reflectivity measurements, although the velocity
measurements remain accurate. Very strong targets may also cause saturation of
the receiver used for the reflectivity data shown in these images. Range-
aliasing (2nd-trip echoes) and velocity aliasing (folding) are not factors for
these vertical data.
10.2 Quality Assessment
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source
None given.
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment
None given
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters
For typical conditions the reflectivity measurements are accurate within +/- 1
dBZ, and the vertical Doppler velocity measurements are accurate to within +/-
5-10 cm/s.
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments
None given.
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center
BORIS Personnel visually reviewed several randomly selected images. All
reviewed images appeared to reflect the description found in Section 11.4.
11. Notes
11.1 Limitations of the Data
None given.
11.2 Known Problems with the Data
None given.
11.3 Usage Guidance
The time-height images are provided to BORIS in order to allow scientists to
obtain a general impression of the evolution of cloudiness and boundary layer
vertical motions near the NSA-OJP site. The principal investigators should be
consulted for a more quantitative use of the vertical data.
11.4 Other Relevant Information
There is one profile of data every 3 seconds, 600 of which are assembled
side by side in chronological order into these half-hour images. Each image
covers 30 minutes of time (the x-axis) and 0-12 km of height above ground (the
y-axis). A few specific times are shown at periodic intervals near the
top of each image, with the time mark corresponding to the left-hand edge of
those time numbers. There is some additional nondata blank space at the
end of the y-axis in each image beyond the 30-minute mark, which accounts
for the extra pixels. The start time in Universal Time Code (UTC) of each half-
hour is shown in the header strip at the top of each image. Thus, the file
k01aug94.0815.gif contains the radar data for 08:15-08:45 UTC on 01-Aug-1994 and
shows all radar echoes that passed over the radar during that period between the
ground and 12-km height.
12. Application of the Data Set
The data may be useful for extending the height-limited momentum flux
measurements.
13. Future Modifications and Plans
None given.
14. Software
14.1 Software Description
None given.
14.2 Software Access
None given.
15. Data Access
15.1 Contact Information
Ms. Beth Nelson
BOREAS Data Manager
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-4005
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov
15.2 Data Center Identification
See Section 15.1
15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data
Users may place request by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX.
15.4 Data Center Status/Plans
The AFM-06 GIF images are available from the EOSDIS ORNL DAAC (Earth Observing
System Data and Information System) (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) (Distributed
Active Archive Center). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov
16. Output Products and Availability
16.1 Tape Products
The complete data set (approximately 48 gigabytes) is archived at NOAA/ETL on 46
8-mm digital video (Exabyte-type) tapes. The data are on tape in the Common
Doppler Radar Data Exchange Format used by many radar meteorology research
groups.
16.2 Film Products
None.
16.3 Other Products
None.
17. References
17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation
Barnes, S.L. 1980. Report on a meeting to establish a common Doppler radar data
exchange format. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1401-1404.
17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports
Frisch, A.S., B.E. Martner, and J.S. Gibson. 1989. Measurement of the vertical
flux of turbulent kinetic energy with a single Doppler radar. Boundary Layer
Meteor., 49, 331-337.
Frisch, A.S., B.W. Orr, and B.E. Martner. 1992. Doppler radar observations of
the development of a boundary layer nocturnal jet. Monthly Weather Rev., 120, 3-
16.
Frisch, A.S., B.B. Stankov, B.E. Martner, and J.C. Kaimal. 1990. Doppler radar
measurements of vertical velocity in the convective boundary layer.
Gibson, J.S. and B.E. Martner. 1995. Interactive auxiliary real-time display
system for NOAA/ETL Radars. Preprints, 11th Intl. Conf. on Interactive
Information Processing (IIPS), Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor.Soc.
Kropfli, R.A. 1986. Single Doppler radar measurement of turbulence profiles in
the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. & Ocean. Tech., 3, 305-314.
Kropfli, R.A., B.W. Bartram, and S.Y. Matrosov. 1990. The upgraded WPL dual-
polarization 8.6-mm Doppler radar for microphysical and climate research.
Preprints, Conf. on Cloud Physics, San Francisco, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 467-472.
Kropfli, R.A., S.Y. Matrosov, T. Uttal, A.S. Frisch, B.E. Martner, and J.B.
Snider. 1994. Studies of radiatively important clouds with 8-mm wavelength
Doppler radars. Preprints, Intl. Geosci. & Remote Sensing Symp., Pasadena,
IEEE, 657-659.
Martner, B.E. and R.A. Kropfli. 1993. Observations of multi-layered clouds
using K-band radar. AIAA Paper 93-0394, 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Amer.
Inst. Aero. & Astronautics, Washington, DC, 8 pp.
Martner, B.E., A.S. Frisch, and R.M. Banta. 1995. Diurnal evolution of
boundary layer turbulence over a boreal forest as observed by Doppler radar.
Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
485-487.
Matrosov, S.Y., T. Uttal, J.B. Snider, and R.A. Kropfli. 1992. Estimation of ice
cloud parameters from ground-based infrared radiometer and radar measurements.
J. Geophys. Res., 97-D11, 11567-11574.
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).
Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment
Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96).
Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J.
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E.
Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and
early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society. 76(9):1549-1577.
Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan,
K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J.
Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B.
Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment
Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical
Research. 102(D24): Dec. 1997, 28,731-28,770.
17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation
None.
18. Glossary of Terms
None given.
19. List of Acronyms
AFM - Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology
AGL - Above Ground Level
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
BORIS - BOREAS Information System
CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory
DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center
EOS - Earth Observing System
EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System
ETL - Environment Technology Laboratory
GIF - Graphical Interchange Format
GMT - Greenwich Mean Time
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center
IFC - Intensive Field Campaign
NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NSA - Northern Study Area
OJP - Old Jack Pine
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PANP - Prince Albert National Park
RASS - Radio Acoustic Sounding System
SSA - Southern Study Area
TF - Tower Flux
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
UTC - Universal Time Code
VAD - Velocity Azimuth Display
20. Document Information
20.1 Document Revision Dates
Written: 01-Dec-1994
Last Updated: 17-Feb-1999
20.2 Document Review Date
BORIS Review: 29-Jan-1999
Science Review:
20.3 Document
20.4 Citation
Radar images (and/or data) provided by Brooks Martner NOAA/ETL
20.5 Document Curator
20.6 Document URL
Keywords:
Radar reflectivity
Vertical Doppler velocity
AFM06_GIF_Imgs.doc
05/07/99